3Rs – International Perspective

1. 3Rs – International Perspective Dr. Prasad Modak Executive President Environmental Management Centre LLP, India

2. Mulund, Mumbai Dumping Ground 2000

3. Mulund, Mumbai Dumping Ground 2012

4. Reduce !! Taming consumption • Twenty top cities in India accounted for 60% of the surplus income. • Annual household income growth in these 20 cities averaged at 11.2% between 2005-08. • Spending gets a 52% boost as households move into the middle class • Requires major awareness programmes, Life cycle considerations, Green Public Procurement Picture source: http://revista-amauta.org/2009/07/consumption-the-root-cause-of-climate-change/

6. Newer Waste Streams – E-Waste • In 2005, 20 to 50 million tonnes of e-waste were generated worldwide • By 2020, e-waste from used computers in emerging economies like South Africa, China and India will have increased by 200-500% over 2007 levels • E-wastes contain metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead, that may leach into the environment and pose a health hazard to human beings, unless handled with care. • Informal sector workers are engaged in dismantling used electrical and electronic equipment in order to recover metals, plastics and other materials for recycling, often without proper protection, exposing them to severe health risks Source: UNEP (2005). E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment’s manufacturing and use, Environmental Alert Bulletin, http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_ewaste.en.pdf

7. Newer Waste Streams – C&D and EoLV • About 10-15 % of waste generated in developed countries is due to construction and demolition activity • Discarded vehicles generated in Germany, UK, France, Spain and Italy are responsible for approximately 7-5 % of waste generated in the EU-25. Source: Bournay E. (2006). Vital waste graphic 2, Volume 2, Basel Convention, UNEP and GRID-Arendal, Second edition, http://www.grida.no/_res/site/File/publications/vital-waste2/VWG2_p32and33.pdf Eurostat (2010). End-of-life vehicles (ELVs), Reuse and Recovery rate, last updated on 16.04.2010, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/wastestreams/elvs

8. Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources” Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes Link between “waste” and “resource” is not well understood Source: Adapted from ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle, Asian Development Bank, Manila

9. Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources” Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes Valuable Metals That Could be Recovered from a Mobile Phone Source: http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/events/bbl/05060701.html Source: http://www.coden.jp/rare-metal/use.html

10. Example of effective utilization of waste and byproduct leveraging a cement factory Sewage sludge, water purification sludge Waste tire, molding sand Automobile industry Local government Municipal wasteincineration ash Paint residue Blast-furnace slag, steelmaking slag Distilled liquor residue, waste glass Steel industry Food industry Fly ash Meat and bone meal, plastic Soil put out in construction Paper-making sludge, incineration ash Cement factory Paper industry Construction industry Construction and demolition waste Coal ash, flue-gas gypsum Waste oil, waste catalyst Electricity industry Petroleum industry Sludge Waste solvent, waste catalyst Incineration ash, waste plastic Waste disposal industry Chemical industry Waste plastic Incineration ash, waste solvent Printing industry Refining industry Nonferrous slag Waste plastic Waste tatami mat Waste plastic Agriculture Housing industry Source: Adapted from Sameshima (2009), presented at the Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia in November 2009 in Tokyo.

11. Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources” Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes Resource efficiency and circular economy The Closed Loop Economy By reducing production of wastes, and by maximising the use of reusable and recyclable materials, a city can achieve greater resource efficiency • Closed-Loop Economy • Recycle Based Society • Sound Material-Cycle Society • Green Growth and Circular Economy Source: ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle. Asian Development Bank, Manila

12. PPP Model for Centralized Community Based Composting in Dhaka

13. Other Related Examples from the World • Methane Capture in Gorai Dump, Mumbai • Closure of 25-year-old dumping ground and development of landfill gas recovery at the Gorai creek in Borivli has earned the BMC, the city authority of Mumbai, India US$ 5.7 million by trading of an estimated 31,000 CERs a year • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been purchasing the carbon credits from the civic body as per market prices when the trading takes place • City’s Gorai dumping ground closure and landfill gas project can be seen as a forerunner in dumpsite methane capture projects.

14. Wongpanich Private Waste Recycling, Thailand: South- South TT • Recognized as a model for recycling business in Thailand and neighboring countries • Provides important benefits such as • poverty reduction • create job opportunities • market value for waste • educate people • and increase awareness within community Wongpanich Waste Recycling Factory, Thailand Storage of Separated & Cleaned Plastic Containers Recyclable transportation Factory Building

15. Wongpanich Low Cost Technology Zinc/Zinc Can Management Plastic Scrap Management

16. Wongpanich Low Cost Technology Glass Bottle/Glass scrap Management Aluminum Management

17. Resource recovery – recycling rates

18. Resource recovery - formal vs informal

19. Quezon City, Philippines 10 year increase in recycling Started with ‘Linis Ganda’ • Linkages across supply chain • Recognition & respectability • uniforms, ID, access • politically connected • Organise co-operatives • Facilitate affordable credit Photo credits: Embassy of Japan in the Philippines; Government of the Philippines, 2006

20. Muncipality supports informal collectors of recyclablesin Lima, Peru

21. City of Diadema, Brazil contracts the informal sector to collect recyclables • Brazilian President Lula shows his support to the informal sector and encourages decision makers to recognise their value and use their professional expertise (2005) PPPs in Reuse, Recycling, Composting 2010

22. Decentralized Integrated Eco-system Weigh bridge Sorting Inert Storage Organic storage Bio-methanation or Composting plants Waste Sorting Centre Innovation centre Waste Generators/ Waste Sorting Centres Street lights Gardens Material Recovery Centre Methane gas for street lights and to fuel transport vehicles Processed materials for users Compost to gardens

23. Zero Waste CO2 Reduction Reduce Reuse Recycle Energy Recovery Safe Treatment Green Growth & 3R Policy - Korea 4R Policy & 4E Goal • Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Recovery • CO2 emission reduction and ‘Zero • Waste’ by converting 3R to 4R Resource Recirculation Society • A new paradigm covering energy and employment along with economy and the environment Waste to Energy Environment Environment Economy Waste Metal Recycle Employ 4Es Goal 2Es Goal 9

24. Key 3R Policies– Policy Framework ①Energy-efficient Production, Distribution, Consumption Natural Resources • Volume based waste fee system • Reduce the use of disposable items and packaging • Waste charge system Nature Waste Recyclable Resources Materials ④Advanced treatment for pollution prevention ②Material recycling to reduce raw materials • Online waste disposal verification system (Allbaro) • Asbestos disposal measures • Follow-up management performance deposit for waste disposal facility Green Growth Through higher resource productivity and recycling • Promote the recycling of construction wastes and used metal scrap • EPR system(24 items) • Eco-Assurance system for WEEE and vehicles ③Energy recovery from waste resources • WtE and biomass • Eco-energy complex towns • Low-carbon green villages 환경부 자원순환국 10

25. Sudokwon Eco-Energy Complex Town Construction Waste-to-Fuel (4,000ton/day) Testing complex Organic Waste-to-Biogas (1,500ton/day) Other energy plants Sludge-to-Solid Fuel (2,700ton/day) Combustible WtE plant (2,000ton/day) RDF-dedicated Boiler (600ton/day) RDF plant (200ton/day, Apr. 2010) Sludge solidification plant (1,000ton/day,Dec. 2008) 21

26. Landfill Gas Recovery Project • Project period : Mar, 2004 ~ Dec. 2006 • Production : 363,259MWh(2009) • World No.1 CDM Project “GHG Reduction Effect” “Oil Substitution Effect” • 530 thousand barrels (‘09) • 7 million ton CO₂(2007~2017) (50MW Power Plant in Sudokwon Landfill) “Economic Benefits” • USD 123 million(2007~2017) 22

27. Future Direction The 1st National Resource Recirculation Master Plan(2011~2015) Direction for master plan on national resource recirculation Future Plan • Discussion on each task via forum(2010) • - (Topic) the influence of master plan on resource recirculation and correlation to the relevant plans • - Developing the new index for improving resource recirculation • - Optimizing measures on the investment in national waste treatment facilities • - Maintaining the proper level of material recycling and waste to energy 25

28. Urban Metabolism and Flows

30. CITIES source: Mathews et al. (2000) The Weight of Nations: material outflows from industrial economies. World Resources Institute, Washington DC: pg. 14

32. Policy making decision tool: design tool for community leaders, city officials and others

33. Key Points • Decentralized & Participatory Solutions • 3R Policy Framework • Business Models • Waste-Resource Flows - Metabolism