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Energy Past, Present, Future. Welcome!!!. Introduction. 1970, Club of Rome 1973, Arab Oil Embargo 1978, TMI Accident 1986, Chernobyl Accident 1991, Rio Earth Summit, 1991, Gulf War I 1997, Kyoto Treaty 2002, Bush Denounced the Kyoto Agreement 2003, Gulf War II
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Energy Past, Present, Future ENGR302I
Welcome!!! ENGR302I
Introduction • 1970, Club of Rome • 1973, Arab Oil Embargo • 1978, TMI Accident • 1986, Chernobyl Accident • 1991, Rio Earth Summit, • 1991, Gulf War I • 1997, Kyoto Treaty • 2002, Bush Denounced the Kyoto Agreement • 2003, Gulf War II • 2006, Price of gasoline reached all-time high ENGR302I
Issues • Big questions • How much longer petroleum will last? • What are geopolitical concerns? • What are economical effects? • What are the environmental impacts? • Where are we going from here? ENGR302I
Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more energy. Environmental problems becomes more severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural, and economical aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious. ENGR302I
The Middle East ENGR302I
Politics of Oil ENGR302I
Why to be involved? ENGR302I
Overview • What is energy? • Where is it coming from? • What forms can it take? ENGR302I
What is Energy? • Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, light, or radiation. • Phenomenological definition: “Energy is the capacity to do work”. • Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. • When energy is used, its usefulness decreases by an amount equal to the work done. • Although different forms of energy can have the same numerical value (quantitatively), they are not equally interchangeable (qualitatively) • Energy is not power. ENGR302I
Where Does Energy Come From? • Big-bang (10-20 billion years ago) released tightly packed mass of elementary particles. Created stars, galaxies and planets. (Source of the Gravitational or Potential Energy) • Nuclear Breakup of mass • Solar Radiation from stars (such as our Sun) • Fossil and Biomass Conversion of solar energy to mass • Wind, wave, heat, geothermal, etc. are different manifestations of the same energy. ENGR302I
Classifications • Mechanical • Kinetic • Wind • Underwater currents • Potential (gravitational) • Hydroelectric (Waterfalls) • Wave (surface, tides) • Chemical • Biomass • Fossil • Geothermal • Nuclear • Fission • Fusion • Sun-based • Photovoltaic and solar thermal • Wind • Hydroelectric • Biomass • And even fossil fuels • Earth-Based • Geothermal • Nuclear • Earth-Moon-Sun Interaction • Tides • Primary • Fossil Fuel • Coal • Oil • Natural Gas • Solar • WindWaveBiomass • Tides • Geothermal • Nuclear • Secondary • Town Gas • Alcohol • Hydrogen • Electricity
Energy and Power ENGR302I
Problems • Limited supply • Exponential growth • Lack of long term planning ENGR302I
World Energy Consumption ENGR302I
Per Capita Energy Consumption ENGR302I
Consumption vs. Production • Fifty years ago • We were using one barrel of oil for every six barrels we found • Today • We are using four barrels of oil for every barrel we find. • U.S. has about 5% of the World’s population, but use 25% of the world’s oil. ENGR302I
World Energy Resources ENGR302I
The United States has: 2.5% of the world’s remaining oil 3.5% of the world’s remaining natural gas 20% of the world’s remaining coal At the current rate of consumption US will run out of Oil in 10 years Natural Gas in 12 years Coal in 300 years But don’t forget the exponential growth and market forces! Life of reserves ENGR302I
Reserves ENGR302I
Exponential Growth T2=70/ • Example: In how many years would the US population double. The US birth rate is higher than death rate by 1.3% T=70/1.3=41 years. • 2000 Census: 281 million (13.2% increase over 1990 data) • 2041 Census (estimated): 562 million (probably too high) ENGR302I
Today, there are 6.2 billions people By 2050, population will increase to 10 billions (video) The rate of growth is very different among different nations World Population ENGR302I
Consumption(2004 figures) ENGR302I
The Problem • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption ENGR302I
Units ENGR302I
Commonly used energy units • Calorie (1 cc of water heated by 1oC) • Food calorie (Calorie) (5 grams of lettuce) • N.m, J, kJ, MJ, EJ, lb-ft • kWh (1 light bulb for 10 hours) • Quad (Word daily energy consumption) • eV • Ton of coal, Barrel of oil, Therm • Bushel of corn • Kiloton of TNT • …. ENGR302I
Energy and Power • Energy could be in the form of heat or work • Heat is thermal energy • Work is mechanical energy • Power is the rate at which work is performed
Hydrogen, Gasoline, Hamburger, and TNT • 1 kilogram of Hydrogen = 1 gallon of gasoline • 1 gallon of gasoline = 60 kilogram of TNT! • Lb per lb, TNT has less energy than hamburger or butter Why don’t we use gasoline or chocolate chip cookie to blow up a tunnel? ENGR302I
The answer is power ENGR302I
Power ENGR302I
Units • SI vs. US System of units • (m, kg, s) vs. (ft, lb, s) • Force (N) • Energy (1 N.m = 1 J) • 1 kJ = 1,000 J; 1 MJ=1,000,000 J • Also expressed as barrel of oil, Quad, eV • Power (1 J/s= 1 W) • 1 kW = 1,000 W; 1 MW=106 W; 1 GW=109 W • Also expressed as horsepower, BTU/hr
Units Convention • Dr. Newton, Mr. Joule • 235 newtons, 500 kilojoules, 10 kilograms • 235 N, 500 kJ, 10 kg • 1 mg= 0.001 g • 1 kg=1000 g • 1 Mg=1 metric ton
Types of Mechanical Energy • Hydroelectric • Tides • Waves • Wind
Course Content • Physical Law (cannot change) • Statistical Data (maybe questionable) • Political, social, economical issues (must be argued) ENGR302I