Energy Past, Present, Future

1. Energy Past, Present, Future ENGR302I

2. Welcome!!! ENGR302I

3. Introduction • 1970, Club of Rome • 1973, Arab Oil Embargo • 1978, TMI Accident • 1986, Chernobyl Accident • 1991, Rio Earth Summit, • 1991, Gulf War I • 1997, Kyoto Treaty • 2002, Bush Denounced the Kyoto Agreement • 2003, Gulf War II • 2006, Price of gasoline reached all-time high ENGR302I

4. Issues • Big questions • How much longer petroleum will last? • What are geopolitical concerns? • What are economical effects? • What are the environmental impacts? • Where are we going from here? ENGR302I

5. Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more energy. Environmental problems becomes more severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural, and economical aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious. ENGR302I

6. The Middle East ENGR302I

7. Politics of Oil ENGR302I

8. Why to be involved? ENGR302I

9. Overview • What is energy? • Where is it coming from? • What forms can it take? ENGR302I

10. What is Energy? • Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, light, or radiation. • Phenomenological definition: “Energy is the capacity to do work”. • Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. • When energy is used, its usefulness decreases by an amount equal to the work done. • Although different forms of energy can have the same numerical value (quantitatively), they are not equally interchangeable (qualitatively) • Energy is not power. ENGR302I

11. Where Does Energy Come From? • Big-bang (10-20 billion years ago) released tightly packed mass of elementary particles. Created stars, galaxies and planets. (Source of the Gravitational or Potential Energy) • Nuclear  Breakup of mass • Solar  Radiation from stars (such as our Sun) • Fossil and Biomass  Conversion of solar energy to mass • Wind, wave, heat, geothermal, etc. are different manifestations of the same energy. ENGR302I

12. Classifications • Mechanical • Kinetic • Wind • Underwater currents • Potential (gravitational) • Hydroelectric (Waterfalls) • Wave (surface, tides) • Chemical • Biomass • Fossil • Geothermal • Nuclear • Fission • Fusion • Sun-based • Photovoltaic and solar thermal • Wind • Hydroelectric • Biomass • And even fossil fuels • Earth-Based • Geothermal • Nuclear • Earth-Moon-Sun Interaction • Tides • Primary • Fossil Fuel • Coal • Oil • Natural Gas • Solar • WindWaveBiomass • Tides • Geothermal • Nuclear • Secondary • Town Gas • Alcohol • Hydrogen • Electricity

13. Energy and Power ENGR302I

14. Problems • Limited supply • Exponential growth • Lack of long term planning ENGR302I

15. World Energy Consumption ENGR302I

16. Per Capita Energy Consumption ENGR302I

17. Consumption vs. Production • Fifty years ago • We were using one barrel of oil for every six barrels we found • Today • We are using four barrels of oil for every barrel we find. • U.S. has about 5% of the World’s population, but use 25% of the world’s oil. ENGR302I

18. World Energy Resources ENGR302I

19. The United States has: 2.5% of the world’s remaining oil 3.5% of the world’s remaining natural gas 20% of the world’s remaining coal At the current rate of consumption US will run out of Oil in 10 years Natural Gas in 12 years Coal in 300 years But don’t forget the exponential growth and market forces! Life of reserves ENGR302I

20. Reserves ENGR302I

21. Exponential Growth T2=70/ • Example: In how many years would the US population double. The US birth rate is higher than death rate by 1.3% T=70/1.3=41 years. • 2000 Census: 281 million (13.2% increase over 1990 data) • 2041 Census (estimated): 562 million (probably too high) ENGR302I

22. Today, there are 6.2 billions people By 2050, population will increase to 10 billions (video) The rate of growth is very different among different nations World Population ENGR302I

23. Consumption(2004 figures) ENGR302I

24. The Problem • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption • Over consumption ENGR302I

25. Units ENGR302I

26. Commonly used energy units • Calorie (1 cc of water heated by 1oC) • Food calorie (Calorie) (5 grams of lettuce) • N.m, J, kJ, MJ, EJ, lb-ft • kWh (1 light bulb for 10 hours) • Quad (Word daily energy consumption) • eV • Ton of coal, Barrel of oil, Therm • Bushel of corn • Kiloton of TNT • …. ENGR302I

27. Energy and Power • Energy could be in the form of heat or work • Heat is thermal energy • Work is mechanical energy • Power is the rate at which work is performed

28. Hydrogen, Gasoline, Hamburger, and TNT • 1 kilogram of Hydrogen = 1 gallon of gasoline • 1 gallon of gasoline = 60 kilogram of TNT! • Lb per lb, TNT has less energy than hamburger or butter Why don’t we use gasoline or chocolate chip cookie to blow up a tunnel? ENGR302I

29. The answer is power ENGR302I

30. Power ENGR302I

31. Units • SI vs. US System of units • (m, kg, s) vs. (ft, lb, s) • Force (N) • Energy (1 N.m = 1 J) • 1 kJ = 1,000 J; 1 MJ=1,000,000 J • Also expressed as barrel of oil, Quad, eV • Power (1 J/s= 1 W) • 1 kW = 1,000 W; 1 MW=106 W; 1 GW=109 W • Also expressed as horsepower, BTU/hr

32. Units Convention • Dr. Newton, Mr. Joule • 235 newtons, 500 kilojoules, 10 kilograms • 235 N, 500 kJ, 10 kg • 1 mg= 0.001 g • 1 kg=1000 g • 1 Mg=1 metric ton

33. Types of Mechanical Energy • Hydroelectric • Tides • Waves • Wind

34. Course Content • Physical Law (cannot change) • Statistical Data (maybe questionable) • Political, social, economical issues (must be argued) ENGR302I

35. Keep your head clear

36. Don’t take on more than you can handle ENGR302I

37. You’ve got a long way to go, so enjoy the ride ENGR302I