The French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

1. The French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

2. Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

3. North America in 1750

4. Continuous rivalry between British and French over North American empires King William’s War, War of Jenkins Ear, King George’s War Conflicting claims over Ohio River Valley England? fur trade/expansion France? fur trade/link b/w Canada & MS Valley Beaver fur has multiple layers of different types of hair. CAUSES OF WAR

5. CAUSES….. • France’s Fort Duquesne • Threatened colonial safety • A barrier to further British expansion westward

6. VA Gov. Dinwiddie learns FR troops moved into Ohio River Valley & building forts Major Washington, 21, sent by Gov. to deliver message to FR to get out FR interpreter with him Return trip to VA is brutal Winter, horses dying, so hike through snow Indian who offered to show them a hortcut and then shot at him (poor aim!) Pursued by Hurons (FR allies) Falls off raft into ice-choked Allegheny River Spends freezing night on island, guide suffers frostbite but GWash unhurt 1753  Major Washington

7. Gov. publishes account of Washington’s arduous 900 mi. journey in both Williamsburg & London Washington gains international reputation by age 22…. - THE LEGEND BEGINS!

8. 1754  The Spark British French The Ohio Valley CONFLICT BEGINS AT FORT DUQUESNE Will spark global war!

9. Colonel GW & 150 VA militia dispatched by Gov. Dinwiddie Skirmish w/FR & kill 10, including their commander BIG MISTAKE militarily “I heard the bullets whistle, and believe me, there is something charming in the sound.” George Washington GW retreats to makeshift fort, Ft. Necessity…what happens there? Forced to surrender when surrounded by FR (on July 4th) GW humiliated,,,, resigns, but will later return Sparks global war! Ft. Duquesne, #1

10. Reconstructed model of the hastily built Fort Necessity. Depiction of George Washington at age 22. A young George Washington surrenders to the French.

11. 1754 Albany Plan of Union • Meeting called by BR for purpose of keeping Iroquois loyal to them – Covenant Chain • Franklin proposes a “Plan of Union” to achieve greater colonial unity and provide for better defense against FR • Would provide for one colonial assembly to manage trade, Indian policy & defense • Representatives from only 7 colonies come; plan rejected by colonies & London • So, Albany Congress failed BUT... a first attempt at colonial cooperation

12. by Benjamin Franklin - Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754

13. 1755  Ft. Duquesne #2 • British Gen. Edward Braddock • George Washington & Daniel Boone • Attack Fort Duquesne and are severely defeated – why? • 1500 French and Indian forces – over 900 of 1100 BR, including Braddock, killed • GW becomes legend! • 4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot • from under him, Indian belief… • BR then fail in Canada… too many small attacks; no concentrated effort on Quebec…

15. 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Marquis de Montcalm Lord Loudoun Native American tribes exploited both sides! A global war is in effect: “The Great War for Empire”

16. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna BR officers with servants & tea settings. 20,000 colonials serve – myth of BR invincibility shattered.

17. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns & offered them a compromise: • For colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation- British would reimburse colonies for much of their troops/supplies. • TURNING POINT IN WAR!! • Puts younger BR officers in place; • “The enemy of my enemy…..” Aids FR’s enemies elsewhere around world & thus forces FR to withdraw some troops from AM RESULTS? Colonial morale up by 1758

18. Lake George, NY BR Col. Munro vs. FR Montcalm BR, unable to get reinforcements, surrender the fort Aug. 1757 FR Indian allies massacre BR on their exit from the fort Battle at Ft. William Henry“Last of the Mohicans”

19. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England 1758 – First major BR victory: LOUISBURG, the gateway to New France, St. Lawrence River *By 1761, SP has become an ally of FR

20. Battle of Quebec - 1759 • James Wolfe vs. Montcalm • BR couldn’t get Quebec because … • Wolfe comes up with a new plan….

21. Battle of Quebec - 1759 • The End • for France! • Montcalm & • Wolfe both • die • Montreal • then taken • in 1760

22. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost allCanadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River; only keeps W Indies sugar islands - Haiti Spain -->got all lands west of the Mississippi River & New Orleans from FR; but cedes Florida to England in exchange for Cuba. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India; owns all lands east of MS River

23. North America in 1763

24. North America in 1763 North America in 1750

25. Effects of the War on Britain? • It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. • It greatly enlarged England’s debt – heavy taxation of the colonies begins! • Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.

26. Effects of the War on the American Colonials • It united them against a common • enemy for the 1st time! 2.It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. 3. Military experience for officers & men. 4.Shattered myth of BR invincibility! 5.Encourages colonial expansion. 6.Hostility towards Native Americans.

27. Ottawa Chief / FR Indian allies attack BR & AM Destroy 3 BR outposts / kill 2,000 colonists in PA, MD, VA Biological warfare used by BR in Detroit Distribute“gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets to Indians. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit

28. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) RESULT? BR realize need to stabilize Indian relations & keep troops stationed along the frontier. Colonists see Pontiac’s defeat as free ticket to populate the OH Valley.

29. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Goal of the BR? Reaction of Colonials?

30. Colonists see it as an attack on their liberty, an attempt to control them Ignore it and continued to move West DANIEL BOONE helped lead the way! General Colonial Reaction to Proclamation of 1763

31. The PA frontier area populated by many rough-and-tumble Scots-Irish immigrants - weary of the colonial assembly’s inattention to Indian attacks and requests for soldiers, guns, powder and lead. Many in the assembly were pacifist Quakers. A group of Paxton men took matters into their own hands in Dec. 1763 - raided a small settle-ment of peaceful, co-existing Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County, PA. 6 Indians killed in the attack & 14 taken captive; all later murdered. PA Gov. issued warrants for arrest, but sympathetic frontiersmen refused to assist in bringing the Paxton Boys to justice. Paxton Boys later marched on Philly in 1764 to protest the Quakers’ lenient Indian policies. Franklin himself negotiated resolution Similar “Regulator Movement” in Carolinas. Regulators were backcountry farmers. Called for more courts on frontier, fairer taxation, and greater representation in colonial assemblies. Deeper Unrest: The Paxton Boys & The Regulators

32. Collaboration of Susan Pojer and Pamela Montague