AP Biology

1. AP Biology Lab Review

2. Lab 1: Enzyme Activity • Concepts: • Enzyme • Structure (active site, allosteric site) • Lower activation energy, speed up rate • Substrate  product • Proteins denature (structure/binding site changes)

3. Lab 1: Enzyme Activity • Description: • Determine which factors affect the rate of enzyme reaction • H2O2 H2O + O2 • Measurerate ofO2 production catalase

4. Lab 1: Enzyme Activity • Conclusions: • Enzyme reaction rate affected by: • pH (acids, bases) • Temperature • Substrate concentration • Enzyme concentration • Ionic conditions Calculate Rate of Reaction

6. Lab 2: Diffusion & Osmosis (Lab Two) • Concepts: • Selectively permeable membrane (cell membrane!) • Diffusion (high  low concentration) • Osmosis (aquaporins) • Water potential () •  = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S) • Solutions: • Hypertonic • hypotonic • isotonic

7. Lab 2: Diffusion & Osmosis

8. Lab 2: Diffusion & Osmosis • Description: • Surface area and cell size vs. rate of diffusion • Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt, glucose, protein) • Identify concentrations of sucrose solution and solute concentration of potato cores • Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of salt water)

9. Lab 2: Diffusion & Osmosis

10. Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of Sucrose

11. Lab 2: Diffusion & Osmosis • Conclusions • Water moves from high water potential ( ) (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential () (hypertonic=high solute) • Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement across selectively permeable membrane

14. Lab 3: Mitosis • Concepts: • Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M) • Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) • Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) • 1 cell forms two identical (clone) daughter cells • Phases: • interphase • prophase • metaphase • anaphase • telophase

15. Lab 3: Mitosis

16. Lab 3: Mitosis • Count # cells in interphase, stages of mitosis

17. Lab 3: Mitosis • Conclusions • Mitosis (PMAT!) • longest phase = interphase

18. Lab 3: Mitosis

19. Lab 3: Mitosis • Description: • How environment affects mitosis of plant roots • Effect of caffeine on root growth

20. Labs 3 & 6: Mitosis vs Meiosis

21. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration

22. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration

23. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration • Concepts: • Respiration • Measure rate of respiration by: • O2 consumption • CO2 production

24. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration • Description: • Use respirometer • Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption) in various seeds • Factors tested: • Non-germinating seeds • Germinating seeds • Effect of temperature

26. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration • Conclusions: • temp = respiration • germination = respiration • Animal respiration > plant respiration •  surface area =  respiration Calculate Rate

27. Lab 4: Cellular Respiration

31. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Concepts: • Photosynthesis • 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis: • Production of oxygen (O2) • Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

32. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Description: • Paper chromatography to identify pigments • Floating disk technique • Leaf disks float in water • Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using syringe  leaf sinks • Photosynthesis  O2 produced  bubbles form on leaf  leaf disk rises • Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production • Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors of leaves, pH of solutions

33. Plant Pigments & Chromatography

34. Floating Disk Technique

36. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Concepts: • photosynthesis • Photosystems II, I • H2O split, ATP, NADPH • chlorophylls & other plant pigments • chlorophyll a • chlorophyll b • xanthophylls • carotenoids • experimental design • control vs. experimental

39. Lab 6: Meiosis • Concepts • meiosis • meiosis 1 • meiosis 2 • crossing over • tetrad in prophase 1 • Conclusions: • 4:4 arrangement in ascospores • no crossover • any other arrangement • crossover • 2:2:2:2 or 2:4:2

40. Lab 6-Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I

41. Lab 6:Meiosis • crossing over in meiosis • further the gene is from centromere the greater number of crossovers • Counted spore crossing over in fungus, Sordaria • arrangement of ascospores-2/4/2, 4/4, or 2/2/2/2

42. Lab 6: Meiosis • Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria) • Arrangement of ascospores

43. total crossover % crossover = total offspring % crossover distance fromcentromere = 2 Sordaria Analysis

44. Abnormal karyotype = Cancer

45. Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

46. Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) • Description • Cross flies of known genotype for wing shape to observe inheritance of the trait • Conduct chi square analysis on results

47. Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) • Concepts • phenotype vs. genotype • dominant vs. recessive • P, F1, F2 generations • sex-linked • monohybrid cross • dihybrid cross • test cross • chi square

48. Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) • Conclusions: Can you solve this? Case 1 Mode of inheritance=________

49. Now solve this one! Case 2 Mode of inheritance=________

50. Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) ESSAY 2003 (part 1) In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild type fruit fly and a female white eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring. a. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer. b. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer. c. The brown-eyed female of the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation.