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Historical Background

This article traces the historical background and evolution of State Emergency Management (EM) offices in the US, highlighting their roles, funding mechanisms, key players, and state government involvement. It covers the establishment of state offices, their integration into local and federal response efforts, and their crucial functions in disaster preparedness and recovery. The text also delves into state funding mechanisms, roles of governors and legislatures, and the staffing and spending trends in EM agencies across different state population groupings.

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Historical Background

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  1. Historical Background • No State EM Offices Prior to Cold War • 1950 CD Act -- Creation of State Offices • Established in All States • Primarily Small, Obscure Line Agencies • Focus is on National Security-Related CD • Highly Dependent on Federal Government • 70’s and 80’s Evolution to All-Hazards • Large Disasters Caused Further Evolution • Now State EM Integral Part of State Gov.

  2. State Government Roles in E.M. • Enact EM Legislation, Codes, Regulations • Enforce National Laws • Develop Integrated CEM,4-Phased Pgms. • Coordinate State Agency Activities • Assist Local Governments • Serve as Interface with Federal Agencies • Fund Emergency Management Activities

  3. Substantial State Disasters 1997 • 4,783 Required “Substantial” State Help • 915 of these (19%) declared State Disasters • 49 of these (1%) Presidential Declarations (NEMA/CSG 1998, 10)

  4. Key State “Players” • Legislature • Governor and Aides • State Office of Emergency Management • Other State Agencies • Private Sector Organizations • Public Interest Groups

  5. Role of State Legislature • Shape Emergency Management Vision • Develop State Strategy and Policy • Provide Funding • Influence Program Development • Promote Good Land Use Policies • Enact Statewide Building Codes • Enact Mutual Aid Compacts

  6. Emergency Management Funding • Regular Appropriations • Supplemental Appropriations • Multiple Funding Sources • Trust Funds, Fees and Surcharges • Florida Surcharge on Residential and Commercial Property Insurance Premiums

  7. State Funding Mechanisms

  8. Role of Governor • Responsible for Emergency Management • Declares State Disaster • Directs State’s Disaster Response • Commands State National Guard • Sole Authority to Request Federal Aid • Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements

  9. Typical Gubernatorial Emergency Powers • Authority to Declare Disasters • Suspend State Laws • Mobilize National Guard • Seize Personal Property • Direct Evacuation • Authorize Emergency Funding

  10. Typical Key State Agencies • Planning Office • Department of the Environment, Forestry • Budget Office • State Police and Fire Marshall’s Office • Transportation, Public Works, Energy • Health and Human Services, Labor • State Emergency Response Commission • National Guard • Attorney General

  11. How State Directors are Chosen 8 28 14

  12. Who State Directors Report To 13 17 4 16

  13. State Emergency Management Agency By Location

  14. Components of a Successful State Emergency Mgmt. Agency • Professionally Trained Staff • Good Relationship with: • Governor’s Office • Legislature • Key State Agencies • Sufficient Funding Arrangements • Support for Four-Phased Program • EM Integrated into Land-Use Planning, Economic Development, Environmental Protection • (National Conf. Of State Legislatures, 1997, 7)

  15. State Office of E.M. Staffing • Low of Couple Dozen Employees (1997) • High of About 300 in California (1997) • National Average of 38 Personnel (1997)

  16. State Spending on E.M. FY (92-97) $2.77 Billion $2.08 $1.62 $1.62 $1.25 $1.18

  17. Total State E.M. Spending By Phase (FY 97) 12% 18% 27% 45%

  18. State Population Grouping Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million) Average Spending $19,011,210 $8,381,180 $76,429,781 $301,884,697 Emergency Management Spending Fiscal Year 1997

  19. Total State Spending on Mitigation (FY 92-97) $1,600 $1,400 $1.2 Billion $1,200 $1,000 $690 Spending ($US Millions) $800 $611 $600 $400 $198 $206 $130 $200 $0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Fiscal Year

  20. State Population Grouping Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million) Average Spending $3,451,620 $2,122,093 $46,863,654 $178,027,797 Mitigation Spending Fiscal Year 1997

  21. Pre-Disaster & Post-Disaster Mitigation (FY 97) 10% 90%

  22. Total State Spending on Preparedness (FY 92-97)

  23. State Population Grouping Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million) Average Spending $4,587,606 $1,859,508 $7,476,522 $48,051,024 Preparedness Spending Fiscal Year 1997

  24. Total State Spending on Response (FY 92-97)

  25. State Population Grouping Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million) Average Spending $5,312,720 $1,717,207 $4,659,725 $31,340,880 Response Spending Fiscal Year 1997

  26. Total State Spending on Recovery (FY 92-97)

  27. State Population Grouping Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million) Average Spending $7,922,980 $3,373,845 $17,429,880 $97,156,236 Recovery Spending Fiscal Year 1997

  28. State Strengths and Shortcomings • Strengths: • Laws and Authorities In-Place • Finance and Administration • Operations and Procedures • Exercising • Shortcomings: • Resource Management • Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment • Response/Recovery Logistics/Facilities/Service (FEMA Capability Assessment)

  29. State Emergency Mgmt. Trends • Increased Spending • Increased Emphasis on Mitigation • Establishment of Funding Mechanisms • Comprehensive State Planning Mandates • State Building Codes • Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements • Staff Professionalization

  30. Florida’s Disaster Trust Fund • Emergency Management Preparedness and Assistance Trust Fund • Created in 1992 by Legislature, Following Hurricane Andrew • Component of Insurance Premiums • $2.00 on all Residential Insurance Policies • $4.00 on all Commercial Property Premiums • $16 Million Created in 1996

  31. Uses of Florida’s Disaster Trust Fund • Critical Care Facility Upgrading and Retrofitting • Hurricane Shutter Installation of Shelters • Clearing Floodway Passages • Financing Studies on • Evacuation • Citizen Disaster Education • Hazards Research

  32. Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMAC) • All States Can Participate • EMAC Legislation Needs to be Passed • 17 States and Territories Have Done So • Endorsed by FEMA, NEMA, IEMA

  33. Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements • Clarify Legal/Regulatory Questions • Mutual Assistance • Tort Responsibility for Out-Of-State Workers • Specify Reimbursement for Use of Personnel and Equipment Between States • Facilitates Quicker State Assistance • Enhances Knowledge, Skills, Abilities of Personnel Involved

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