Bahan Kajian MK. Pengelolaan SDALH

1. BahanKajian MK. Pengelolaan SDALH Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub sept2013

2. TANTANGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR The amount of rain we receive has not changed. And most rain still falls west of the coastal ridge. But to provide surface drainage, each year close to two million acre-feet of water is moved through canals to the estuaries and the Aquifer.

3. Green Water Credits : are payments for farmers’ water management activities that are, now, unrecognized and unrewarded. Benefits to poor rural people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards water resources for everyone.

4. Kelangkaanair akanmengganggu habitat, ekonomidankehidupanmasyarakat It already threatens food security, health and development; shortage is increasingly felt in cities. On present trends, 2.8 billion people will be suffering absolute water shortage by 2025 and two thirds of the global population will be suffering water stress. This is where climate change will strike first.

5. We are caught unprepared The source fresh water is rainfall; two thirds of which is held in the soil and used by plants - green water; only one tenth becomes accessible stream flow and groundwater - blue water. Nearly all investment in water goes into abstraction of this easily accessible water. More than two thirds of the water abstracted is used for irrigation. Replenishment is neglected.

6. A policy shift is needed … from coping with water scarcity to creating opportunities. Management of the whole freshwater resource, including demands and uses even before the water reaches streams and groundwater, opens a wider stage for negotiation, trade-offs between competing claims, and action to optimize water flows. Pemilahan air hujan menjadi green water dan aliran blue water

7. Green water management: banking water in the soil Water productivity can be significantly increased, the hazards of flood and drought mitigated, and rural livelihoods secured by two fundamental improvements in soil management: increasing infiltration of rainfall into the soil, thereby cutting storm runoff, and shifting unproductive evaporation to productive water use.

8. Air hujanditampungdalamwadukmusimandisekitarkawasanhutan: Manfaatirigasi ManfaatPerikanan ManfaatRekreasi

9. More infiltration means banking water in soils and aquifers which feed river base flow; less storm runoff means less soil and bank erosion, less flooding, and less siltation of streams and reservoirs

10. Teknik-teknikpengelolaan Green Water : All this can be achieved by low-cost green water management Pengolahantanahmenurutgariskonturdenganparit yang dalam Upayauntukmemanen air hujandilahanpertaniandatarantinggi

11. KEMISKINAN MENJADI KENDALA Farmers are well aware of their private benefits from green water management - but they need immediate as well as long-term returns for their labour and material inputs. Where farmers are poor, with limited access to markets and low prices for their produce, poverty drives a preference for shortterm returns – so that the short-term cost of green water management outweighs any long-term private benefits. Further incentives are needed for farmers to adopt and maintain best practice.

12. Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap Quite small, regular payments by downstream water users enable farmers to adopt sustainable management of land and water; at the same time, they combat rural poverty by diversifying income (Figure 7). This is a particular case of Payments for Environmental Services. Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap Regular payments by downstream water users enable upstream farmers to do the right thing

13. The proof-of-concept in Kenya2 demonstrates: • Trade offs between upstream land use and management and downstream water availability, river regulation, and siltation of reservoirs; • Practical ways to assess the resource, optimize water allocation, and appraise costs and benefits; • The cost of green water management may be covered by the additional water revenues alone. For the Upper Tana, annual water benefits may reach $US 12-95 millions compared with costs of 2-20 millions; for a 20 per cent adoption scenario, annual water benefits are $ 6-48 millions and costs 0.5 to 4.3 millions.

14. How are Green Water Management and Green Water Credits different from soil and water conservation as it has been practised for half a century? Generations of effort in soil and water conservation has made no appreciable difference to the degradation of land and water resources in most parts of the world because: • It was never financially viable; • Soil conservation has been handled by agricultural extension services, in isolation from water policy; it was seen as a benefit to farmers; • Water management has been undertaken in isolation from land management by engineers and public utilities, concentrating on the very limited, easily-abstracted stream flow and groundwater- blue water; • Green Water Management deals with water at source and flowing through the landscape; with rainfall; with green and blue water together; • Green Water Credits is a financial mechanism in which the downstream users strike a deal with upstream land and water managers to maintain the resource and mitigate floods and droughts. Correcting the present market failure makes best practice financially viable. It also is the most practicable adaptation to climate change.

15. Proof of concept In Kenya’s Upper Tana catchment, Green Water Credits is viable because of: • Recognition of deteriorating land and water resources in the face of escalating demands on these same resources ; • Profitable downstream water users, willing and able to pay for water management in the catchment; • The enabling framework of the 2002 Water Act, implemented by the Water Resources Management Authority requires water to be treated as an economic good.

16. TAHAPAN OPERASIONAL • Assess existing land and water rights and competing claims on the water resource. • Assess the water resource, its value in all its competing uses, the costs of mismanagement, the extent to which green water management can optimize the resource, and the costs of this management . • Establish a platform for negotiation between interested parties; ensure that each is well informed; seek optimum allocation; agree on a fair price; • Establish a mechanism for collection and payment of credits, verification of claims, and settlement of disputes. Payments may be financed by a mix of water users and public utilities, insurers, and general taxation.

17. GREEN WATER MANAGEMENT: PENGALAMAN DI AFRIKA • Background: Rural poverty • The un-managing of water in rainfed systems • Bridging the Gap-Green Water management • Towards holistic Agricultural Water Management (AWM). www.waterbucket.ca/cfa/?sid=4&id=1&type=single

18. Masalah utamanya adalah .... Experiences and knowledge emanating from many years of project implementation are not influencing policy change for investments in AWM

19. Kemiskinan pedesaan menjadi tantangan utama di wilayah ESA • Total population is 350 million • 73% (260 million) live in Rural areas • 56% of the rural population extremely poor. • 85% of the rural poor depend on agriculture • About 54% of the region’s poor live in high rainfall/productive areas.

20. Wilayah ESA merupakan lahan kering yang luas

21. Tetapi ……… air tidakkekurangan… Kekeringan pertanian disebabkan oleh gagalnya menggunakan air hujan pada saat turun ke bumi dan di tempat jatuhnya di muka bumi … gagalpanentidakperluterjadi…….. The water crisis is not about too little water…. but about managing water badly such that billions of people & the environment suffer badly. (Water Vision, 2000)

22. Berapa banyak air yang kita makan ? • ONLY 200 m3 per person/year for industrial + domestic uses, BUT... • A colossal 1,300m3 per person/year for food … • Yet, many water supply indicators are confined to drinking water and sanitation • Most of our water needs are for the food thus • This should be a central focus of IWRM!

23. Pembagian air hujan yang jatuh (rainfall) di daerah Tropika

24. Pembagian air hujan dan Konsep The Green Water • Green water resource – soil moisture generated from direct rainfall infiltration on its way to vaporize • Green water flows – total evapo-transpiration from soil moisture • Productive green flow –Transpiration of plants we use beneficially • Non-productive green flow – Evaporation flows • Blue water flow – surface runoff and base flow • Blue water resource – groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands

25. … menahan air di daerah hulu lebih mudah dan dapat melindungi lahan dengan lebih baik Up-stream It is Child’s play in the highlands with sheet flow in small channels Mid-stream Then muscles are needed once water is in gullies Down-stream In trouble once large gullies and streams fill with water After: Hatibu et al

26. What are the G-B Trade-offs? ALTERNATIVES IMPACT Green Water Use and Management Ecosystem Services eg. Carbon Sequestration Natural Forestry Woodlands NR - Products (Assorted) (Euros m-3) Wetlands Wildlife Employment (e.g in tourism) (Md m-3) Rangelands Commercial Forestry WATER AVAILABLE FOR LOCAL MANAGEMENT RAINFALL Tree Crops Blue Water Flow and Management Annual Crops Income Security (€ m-3) Commercial Irrigation Industry Electricity (€ m-3) Hydro Power Surface or Underground Human needs within the watershed Reserve Ecosystem needs within the watershed Downstream Commitments Fisheries Food Security (tons m-3) RWH for SI Reserve

27. Current trends for responding to felt needs … • The UN Millennium Development Goals on hunger recommends among others; “water management (irrigation), soil fertility management, agro-processing, marketing …… • NEPAD’s (CAADP) has recommended among others, “extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems, especially small-scale water control, building up soil fertility and moisture holding capacity of agricultural soils and expansion of irrigation” as one of three “Pillars” • IFAD’s ‘thrusts’ aims at “improving access to and management of land and water” as one of the strategies

28. Irrigasi menjadi salah satu solusinya ….. • Irrigation provides 40% of global food from 17% of cultivated land... • It supported the green revolution in Asia, • Secures food security, and ... • Higher incomes for farmers, agro-entrepreneurs, and others through ... • Direct and indirect employment, and trade opportunities. • In ESA, only about 5% of irrigation potential has been tapped…..

29. And because …over 90% of irrigation water is used to compensate for losses in conveyance, application, and/or inefficiencies in the management & utilization of rainwater. Thus: Managing green water is the missing link to… Optimal water productivity for agriculture

30. Estimates suggest that irrigation can provide only ≈15% of the increased agricultural water requirement to attain the MDG targets. The remaining 85% will have to come from better management of the water in rainfed agriculture. Hence the need for IWRM to turn attention to “green water” Selanjutnya...

31. Revitalisasi pertanian juga akan memerlukan …..… • Agricultural growth by 75% (SSA) from intensification rather than extensification of agriculture (FAO, 2000) • Increasing water productivity from rainfed & irrigated agriculture by 60% (UN-Water Africa, 2003). • Increasing yields of staple crops under smallholder systems (to exceed 1.0 t ha-1)

32. Hal ini memerlukan Agricultural Water Management (AWM) yang holistik.., • AWM adalah “Anykind of human action that influences the natural flow of water to farmers’ crops, or any form of agriculture that takes advantage of naturally rising or falling water levels for crop production”. (FAO, 1995 Water Report 7. Irrigation in Africa in figures)

33. Sehingga, Agricultural Water Management (AWM) meliputi… • Irrigation (supplemental or full) • Drainage (surface, subsurface, seasonal) • Soil and water conservation • Rangeland rehabilitation • Wetland rehabilitation • Water for livestock, including for fodders • Rainwater harvesting (blue and green) • Watershed management • Soil fertility (manures, fertilizers, residues) • Conservation agriculture (deep tillage, mulching) • Agronomic practices to optimize water uptake • Climatic variability mitigation • Low quality water (saline, waste water) • Capacity building programmes in AWM • Water used in value addition

34. Green Water Management (GWM) bermakna… Kemampuan untuk mengendalikan sumberdaya air untuk pertanian … sebagaikunciuntukmengentaskankemiskinaanpedesaan

35. Keterkaitan AWM dengan Markets dan Trade…. Innovative integration of AWM and trade will facilitate… • Unlocking the un-taped potential in “managed” water for agriculture, to provide…. • More water in the root zone, leading to… • More water uptake by plants, resulting in… • More kg of useful biomass per mm of water depleted, which with appropriate market linkages should lead to… • Higher earnings (€, Birr, Shs) per kg produced – more wealth per drop

36. Peranan kita sebagai agen perubahan ………………… • Informing People, • Influencing Perceptions, • Changing of Attitudes, • Engaging in activities, to institutionalize……. • Best Practices in AWM.

37. Operational Framework International Institutions e.g. UN The higher the scale-up the wider the reach International Region Regional Institutions Scale-Up National Institutions Country Province Local Institutions Projects Scale-out After IIRR, 2000

38. Rekomendasi • Green water management will require hard work, and activities on the ground, implemented by farmers themselves…..How can we assist them? 2. Technology and inputs are beyond the reach of poor smallholders in the ESA……the South Asian green revolution was heavily subsidized,……ESA farmers require technology pull (rather than push). 3. Green Water Credits provide direct incentives to farmers who practice AWM- What incentives are these and how to make them sustainable?