Grid Specification

1. Grid Specification Source of Numerical Data Magnetospheric Model MM Ring-Current Model RCM Thermosphere-Ionosphere Model TIM M-I Coupler MIC MM RCM A MIC CHART LEGEND “Variable A from MM on the MM grid and variable A from RCM on the RCM grid are interpolated onto the MIC grid”

2. SWM MM MM B RCM s MM MM RCM RCM RCM Precip W|| , E0 j|| s MM MIC MIC seconds RCM MIC M-I Coupler Empirical minutes 1½-way LFM-RCM coupling

3. SWM MM MM B RCM s MM MM RCM RCM RCM Precip W|| , E0 j|| s MIC TIM MIC Empirical M-I Coupler MIC TIM TIM m minutes 1st iteration, 1-way TING coupling

4. SWM MM MM B RCM s MM MM RCM RCM RCM Precip W|| , E0 j|| s MIC TIM MIC Empirical M-I Coupler MIC TIM MIC iterate TIM TIM m minutes Convergent, iterative, 1-way TING coupling

5. SWM MM MM B RCM s MM MM RCM RCM RCM Precip W|| , E0 j|| s MM MIC TIM MIC seconds TIM RCM MIC Empirical M-I Coupler MIC TIM MIC minutes iterate TIM TIM m minutes 1½-way LFM-RCM coupling w/ convergent, iterative, 2-way TING coupling

6. E-Region Electron Density Height- Integrate

7. Opgenoorth et al. ‘02

8. M-I Interaction • Regions • Lossy J•E > 0 • Ell  Beams + heat, • low-density cavity • High VA Large displacement currents • Active ionization and depletion, mass out- • flow  feedback • Scale-interactive (r,t) • Reflection Transmission • Absorption