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第三章 需求分析 (Requirements Analysis)

第三章 需求分析 (Requirements Analysis). 真的很重要吗? 例:

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第三章 需求分析 (Requirements Analysis)

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  1. 第三章 需求分析(Requirements Analysis) 真的很重要吗? 例: Our real-time example is based on the embedded software in the Ariane-5, a space rocket belonging to the European Space Agency (ESA). On June 4, 1996, on its maiden flight, the Ariane-5 was launched and performed perfectly for approximately 40 seconds. Then, it began to veer off course. At the direction of an Ariane ground controller, the rocket was destroyed by remote control. The destruction of theuninsured rocket was a loss not only of the rocket itself, but also of the four satellites it contained; the total cost of the disaster was $500 million (Newsbytes home page 1996;Lions et al. 1996).

  2. 第三章 需求分析 The reason: there was no discussion in the requirements documents of the ways in which the Ariane-5 trajectory would be different from Ariane-4. 统计资料: In 1994, the Standish Group surveyed over 350 companies about their over 8000 software projects to find out how well they were faring. The results are sobering. Thirty-one percent of the software projects were canceled before they were completed. Moreover, in large companies, only 9% of the projects were delivered on time and cost what they were budgeted, and 16% met those criteria in small companies (Standish 1994).

  3. 第三章 需求分析

  4. 需求规格说明 可行性分析 加细 DFD 功能具体化 算法描述IPO DFD DD DD §1. 需求分析的任务 仍然回答“What”,而不是“How”, 但更细致、精确(合同的拟定) Final stage of Definition phase

  5. §1. 需求分析的任务 1、确定要求 ⑴ 功能要求(functional requirements):系统必须做什么? ⑵ 性能要求(performance requirements):做得怎样? 例:response time , memory , back-up memory , security , …… ⑶ 运行要求(operational requirements):运行环境、软硬件配置等。 ⑷ 未来可能的扩充要求(possible evolution):如HDIS各组的合并,3维虚拟现实的效果等等。

  6. §1. 需求分析的任务 2、分析数据 ⑴建立概念模型(conceptual models): E-R Diagram ⑵形象描绘数据结构: Data Hierarchy, Warnier Diagram, IPO ⑶数据结构规范化(Normalization) 3、导出逻辑模型: DFD + DD + IPO 4、修正计划:重估成本、进度等

  7. §1. 需求分析的任务 5、开发原型系统(Prototyping) C D “样机 试用” G

  8. §2.分析过程 1、沿DFD回溯: DFD的输出端是系统的最终目的。向回确定每个数据元素的来源,可加细DFD及DD,并将相关算法记录在IPO图中。 2、用户复查 3、细化DFD:  加细前后的I\O须相同。 分解到须考虑具体实现的代码时即可仃止

  9. 需要 分解 有补充 修正 分析追踪 数据流图 用户复查 细 化 数据流图 不需分解 无补充修正 §2.分析过程 4、修正计划 5、文档:《需求规格说明书》

  10. 文档编号: 版 本 号: 文档名称: 项目名称: 项目负责人: 年 月 日 编写: 核对: 审核: 批准: 开发单位: 需求规格说明书 封面:

  11. 需求规格说明书 内容: ⑴系统规格说明: 系统概貌  功能要求 性能要求  运行要求 可能增加的要求 DFDIPO ⑵ 数据要求:  DD Hierarchy 或 Warnier Diagram ⑶ 用户系统描述 —— 初步用户手册:从用户的观点考虑系统 系统功能、性能 使用与步骤 等 ⑷修正的开发计划: 成本估计  资源使用计划 进度计划

  12. §2.分析过程 轻松一分钟——True Tech Support Stories  A woman complied with a tech's request to send in a copy of a defective diskette. A few days later, the tech received a letter from her along with a xerox copy of the floppy.  A tech advised a customer to put his troubled floppy back in the drive and close the door. The customer put his phone down and was heard walking across the room and shutting the door to the room. 6、审查和复审

  13. ⑴ Entities 例: ,, Student Instructor Class ⑵ Relations 例: Enrolled in Teach 1 M 1 N N 1 ⑶ Attributes 例: , I D# Name §3.概念模型和规范化 —— 对数据的分析 1、概念模型:描述从用户角度看到的数据 实体 -联系图(Entity - Relationship Diagram)

  14. Instructor Student …… …… Class ID Student ID Grade Class ID Credit Subject Instructor ID Class Name Title Name Sex I D # I D # Sex I D # Teach Enrolled in §3.概念模型和规范化 例:

  15. §3.概念模型和规范化 2、范式(Normal Forms):消除数据冗余的程度 IBM E. F. Godd (1970) 例: *Keyword:可唯一地标识一个元组的属性 1 - NF:所有属性都是原子值,即不出现“表中有表” 2 - NF:在 1-NF 基础上,每个non-key-word都由整个key word 决定(而非依赖于key word 的一部分)。例:“Major”实际上由“ID”的第6、7位决定,可省去。 3 - NF:在 2-NF基础上,non-key-word之间无从属关系。

  16. Room Room with lights Room with windows Garage Basement Kitchen Bathroom Room with Furniture Living Room Family Room Bed Room Dining Room §4.图形工具 1、层次方框图 (Hierarchy) —— 描绘数据的结构 例:A Room hierarchy based on an interior designer’s perspective. 例:P.46图3.3

  17. {:层次 (n1 ,n2):重复n1到n2次 :二者择一 例: 头条新闻 地区队 头版 国内新闻 体育新闻 职业队 本地新闻 拳击 社论(1,1) 经营简讯 专栏(1,3)  报纸 社论 读者来信(1,3) 副刊 商业新闻 雇员简讯 讽刺漫画(0,1) 一般新闻 体育新闻联播 招生 副刊 商业新闻 广告 招聘 广告 求助 细化 §4.图形工具 2、Warnier Diagram: 例:P.46 图 3.4

  18. 输入I 处理P 输出O §4.图形工具 3、IPO图(Input / Process / Output):简要的算法描述 旧的主文件 事务文件 1. 校验 主记录 2. 校验 事务记录 3. 更新 主记录 有效的 主记录 有效的 事务记录 更新后的 主文件

  19. §5.验证要求(Requirements Validation) 方法: 人工审查 初步用户手册 Prototyping 使用软件工具 —— 完整性、一致性

  20. Abstract System Semantic Model (ASSM) RSL Statements Reports RSL REVS Analyzer Requirements §5.验证要求 例1:Software Requirements Engineering Methodology (SREM) (TRW Corporation, 1977) SREM = Requirements Statement Language (RSL) + Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS)

  21. §5.验证要求

  22. Project Part Ⅱ《需求规格说明书》 上交书面报告,两星期内完成。 截止日期:10月23日。 每迟交一日,多扣1分

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