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How does the ear work out the following?

How does the ear work out the following?. Loudness Pitch direction. Loudness. Determined by frequency of action potentials reaching the brain Loud sounds – greater vibrations in hair cells and a greater rate of action potentials going to the brain Some hair cells only respond to loud sounds.

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How does the ear work out the following?

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  1. How does the ear work out the following? • Loudness • Pitch • direction

  2. Loudness • Determined by frequency of action potentials reaching the brain • Loud sounds – greater vibrations in hair cells and a greater rate of action potentials going to the brain • Some hair cells only respond to loud sounds

  3. Pitch • Brain works this out by determining which neurones are conducting impulses. • Hair cells close to the oval window – high pitch • Hair cells furthest away – low pitch

  4. Direction • Determined by differences in impulses coming from left and right ears • Brain compares loudness and timings of impulses • Ear closest to sound sends impulses slightly quicker than the other ear

  5. Objectives • Name parts of the ear involved in control of balance • Describe the function of parts of the ear involved in balance • Consolidate knowledge of the ear

  6. Which parts of the ear are linked with balance? • Semicircular canals • Utriculus • sacculus

  7. Write an explanation of how the following words fit together • Synapse • Utriculus • Macula • Calcium carbonate • Sacculus • Otoliths • Vestibular nerve • Stereocilia • Hair cells • Gelatinous layer

  8. The macula is a patch of cells in both the utriculus and sacculus. • The macula contains many tiny crystals of calcium carbonate called otoliths. • Each macula has many hair cells which have stereocilia • The ends of the stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous layer. • They form synapses with the vestibular nerve.

  9. Macula in utriculus and sacculus

  10. Hairs cells move with the head as they are heavy • As they move sodium channels open in some of the hair cells • This results in action potentials travelling down the vestibular nerve. • Utriculus – horizontal plane – upright • Sacculus – vertical plane – lying down

  11. Semicircular canals • Filled with fluid • Ampulla at one end which has hair cells embedded in a gel structure called an capula

  12. As the head moves the fluid collects in the ampulla and presses on the capula. • This bends the capula to one side • This pulls on the cilia and results in impulses travelling down the vestibular nerve • 3 different ampullae in 3 different directions

  13. Task • Produce revision cards on the ear: • Structure • Role in hearing • Loudness, pitch and direction • Role in balance • Role of eustachian tube

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