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Transport and regional development: Optimize transport demand of the Mediterranean Agriculture

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT. Transport and regional development: Optimize transport demand of the Mediterranean Agriculture The Valencian Community case study.

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Transport and regional development: Optimize transport demand of the Mediterranean Agriculture

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  1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Transport and regional development: Optimize transport demand of the Mediterranean Agriculture The Valencian Community case study

  2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT CONTENTS • Introduction and Objectives • Present situation - The sector to be analysed • Driving forces • Methodology • Results

  3. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Transport demand and GDP Evolution (1980=100)

  4. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Relationship between transport and economic growth (Eurostat, 2004) Tonne-km per 1000 Euro GDP

  5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Is Spain facing what could be termed “a growth crisis”? Intensity of transport in the economy of several EU countries (DATAR 2003)

  6. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT AIM: To examine the possibilities of providing incentives to general (or sectoral) strategies for regional development and transport that allow, if not reversing, at least mitigating the referred trend, in order that economic growth does not imply an ever higher growth of the transport sector and its associated environmental pressures, with the aim of promoting sustainable regional and global development.

  7. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Therefore, answers should be found to the following questions: • What are the factors explaining the relationship between transport and economic growth in this specific sector? • Can measures initially orientated to dematerialisation also have a positive effect on the reduction of transport volume, without negatively affecting economic growth? • What negative or positive effects might derive from the introduction or strengthening of such measures? • Which measures package would be best to implement?

  8. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Two elements/indicators of the decoupling concept: • The intensity of transport consumption of the economy (in tons-km per unit of GDP or travellers-km per unit of GDP); • The emissions of contaminants or greenhouse gases caused by the transport sector, per unit of GDP (in tons/€), possibly differentiating between passengers transport and goods transport.

  9. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT The sector to be analysed, reasons for focusing on production and trading of citrus fruit : • High symbolic value that goes beyond mere economic questions. • A still significant economic weight. The agricultural sector represents only 2,5% of the regional GDP. • The high volume of production, and the relevance of export flows (60% of total citrus fruit production in the Valencian Community). • The almost exclusive use of road transport to European destinations • A mature sector, although still incorporating innovations. (leader) • Opportunity for decoupling, in terms of volumes and Env. impacts

  10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • Total production (Spain): more than 5.5 Mio. Tons. From which 70% produced by the Region of Valencia, and 60% of those exported. • Growing export trends: 5% annual growth Mediterranean citrus exports, by country/region origin. 2000/01 Campaign. Conselleria (2003)

  11. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • The EU is the main market, although new, emerging markets are growing: ·EU ·  EU candidates/enlargement ·  USA ·  In the future: Japan • Products: ·  Oranges: 50% ·  Mandarins: 33% ·  Lemons: 17% • New varieties have been developed, so that fresh fruits are offered during the whole season (September to June)

  12. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT The advantageous geographic location & export flows from Valencian Community

  13. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT CITRUS FRUIT EXPORTS FROM VALENCIA (2001-2002)

  14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Continuous growth among its main destination countries in Europe (x1000 T)

  15. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT The production and marketing chain : • Producers: Small producers predominate, although they are usually grouped into cooperatives (purchases&sales centres). • Processing centres: Key role in sorting the products in accordance to market requirements and a logistic function. • Refrigerated warehouses: buffers to regulate supply/demand imbalances • Exporters: They receive purchase orders. They drew our attention in the increasing share of large retail outlets in the total volume and the growing importance of sales made directly to retailers (wholesalers decreases, with exceptions)

  16. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • Logistics: Products are packed, labelled and even with the final retail price (ready for selling) in Valencia. • Flexibility: “Just-in-time practices imposed by traders and final sellers (small orders by big superstores): “on-road” stock. • Improvement of road transport quality: refrigeration (controlled temperature), time guaranteed, security (accompanied transport...). • Highly competitive pricing (Travel costs Valencia-France, rises final price just 4-6 cents/Kg.). CURRENT MODE OF TRANSPORT USED IS ALMOST 100% ROAD

  17. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • More than 95% of the road transport exports between Spain and Europe (62 Mio. Tons.) are transported through the 2 motorways at the edges of the Pyrenees • EU enlargement should foster new trading flows from/to Spain. • Distances and volumes are growing, which makes non-road transport (SSS and rail) more competitive. • Legal framework, bottlenecks-congestion in the main Trans-European corridors... BUT THERE ARE LIMITS, EVEN TO ROAD TRANSPORT...

  18. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT Nº of lorries per day passing through the Pyrenees.

  19. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • Maritime transport: limited to certain circumstances in which the necessary load is managed, costs of mooring, loading, unloading, and modal interchange can overcome the comparative costs by other modes. • Rail transport: Saturation of Pyrenean terminals, slowness of the process of liberalization, inexistence of logistical operators. But offers some theoretical advantagesfor certain loads and destinations. • Integrated production. the maturity of the industry, and the gradual development of a strong brand image could lead to competitiveness in quality rather than price. DRIVING FORCES: Searching for alternatives...

  20. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT What is integrated production : Less chemical products needed, decreasing production costs, biological balance of the agricultural system, quality increase...but it needs training, there is a lack of regulation uniformity, marketing channels not well developed. Consumers are more demanding: quality, traceability, easy-peeling, more juice, worrying about agricultural procedures... And indifference about final price if quality is achieved. GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF A STRONG BRAND IMAGE

  21. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • PRODUCTION EMPHASIS IN QUALITY • Higher profit varieties • Price concurrency from alternative suppliers • Integrated production / ecological standards in line with consumer desires. • MORE MARKET CONCENTRATION (At both ends, supply and demand; producers, trading and exportation companies, superstores) allows more planning. • FAST GROWING FAR DESTINATIONS, NEARER ONES (EU 15) MORE STABLE DRIVING FORCES: Searching for alternatives...

  22. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • Environmental Impacts: Emissions. • Exportations data provided by IVEX • Tones exported by destination country • 22 Tones per lorry. • 5% empty return trips • Average fuel consumption of 33 litres per 100Km. • Modern vehicle float (1-5 years old uniformly distrib.) • CORINAIR emission factors applied METHODOLOGY

  23. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • Total export flows: 2,46 million T • Total road transport demand: 209,94 million Veh.km • Total fuel consumption: 73,08 million l • Total CO2 emissions: 193700 T • Total NOX emissions: 1230 T • Total Particulate emissions: 31 T CURRENT SITUATION: ENV. IMPACTS

  24. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT CURRENT SITUATION COMPARISON 1995-2000

  25. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT The strategy for sustainable scenario : • Production would be gradually reduce to 2000 levels, but the added value increases • Maintaining market share in the Western countries • Increasing control over marketing to allow better logistical planning • Specific programmes to support road transport business in their gradual transformation into logistical operators. • Developing a rail infrastructure to resolve abundant bottlenecks. • Development of a suitable regulatory framework for railway operators • Improvement of the environment efficiency of transport.

  26. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT SCENARIO BUILDING

  27. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT BAU. RESULTS SUST.

  28. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT BAU. RESULTS Comparison with 1995 values SUST.

  29. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Decoupling Transport Impacts and Economic Growth . OECD EPOC WORKING GROUP ON TRANSPORT • OPPORTUNITIES FOR BETTER MANAGEMENT OF MULTIMODAL LOGISTIC CHAINS • OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCE AND FOSTER INTEGRATED PRODUCTION THAT REDUCES TRANSPORT NEEDS WHILE MAINTAINING OR EVEN INCREASING GDP. • DIFFICULTIES TO ORGANIZE ADEQUATE SEA OR RAIL TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE SHORT TERM • UNCERTAINTIES ON ROAD TRANSPORT COMPETITIVENESS IN THE LONG TERM CONCLUSIONS

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