Journey’s End

1. Journey’s End R.C. Sherriff

2. Robert Cedric Sherriff Born 1896 – Surrey Wounded in 1917 during WW1 in France He wrote 6 earlier plays that were not successful ‘Journey’s End’ was his 7th play and was first performed in 1928 Sherriff died in 1975 – this play is considered his greatest achievement

3. Themes Form & Structure Plot Lighting & sound Play characters Analysing a Play Stage directions Language Context

4. Play title The play was originally going to be called ‘Suspense’ or ‘Waiting’ Why do you think Sherriff settled on ‘Journey’s End’ ?

5. Social & Historical Context Written in the late 1920’s Most audience members at this time went to the theatre to escape their lives After the war the class system was undergoing massive change – commercially successful plays had to appeal to the masses An all-male play about war was an unexpected success Winston Churchill was a fan of the play and invited Sherriff to Downing Street to discuss it

6. Social & Historical Context It would be a good idea to take a look at some of the following to strengthen your understanding of WW1 and the experiences of those who experienced trench warfare: The war poetry of Owen & Sassoon www.1914-1918.net

7. Setting of the play Set in St Quentin, France 1918 Starts Monday 18th March 3 days later Germany launched ‘Operation Michael’ Historically accurate rather than ‘anti war’ Life in the trenches The audience of the day would remember the experience first hand

8. Staging of the play The setting is naturally suited to the stage Warren-like nature of dugouts Cramped close conditions Hardships – exposed to elements Camaraderie of shared experience Single staging with ‘off stage’ locations inferred

9. The play explores the psychological effect of war on different kinds of personalities • It also investigates the class system and how it impacts the life of the men in the trenches • The life expectancy of a junior officer in 1916-17 was 6 weeks! Characters

10. James Raleigh Mason Young German Soldier Madge

11. Unseen Highest ranking officer Commanding Officer of different Company Commanding Officer of C Company James Raleigh 2nd Lieutenant 2.I.C. 2nd Lieutenant Officer Cook & Servant Mason Unseen – Raleigh’s sister & Stanhope’s sweetheart Young German Soldier Madge

13. Studying characters

14. Colonel • His view of war is as a game • He is removed from the horror • He seems insensitive • He is only following orders himself • Contrasts with the respected Stanhope

15. Hardy • Secondary character • He offers the first insight into Stanhope • Messy & disorganised • Red faced and cheerful • Offers a contrast to Stanhope

16. Son of a vicar • 21 years old (but seems older) • Holder of the Military Cross • High personal standards • Heavy drinker as a coping mechanism • A natural leader • No leave in 3 years • Survived the battle of Vimy Ridge • Hardened but with a tender heart Stanhope

17. The oldest member of c company (45) • Married with 2 children • Former school master • Wise & approachable • Loyal and a calming influence • A mentor to Stanhope • Well liked & trusted • Humble – National rugby player Osborne

18. The only officer who has not attended public school • Middle aged & ‘homely looking’ • He comfort eats and is portly! • Friendly & jovial • Unemotional & uses humour as armour • Loyal – becomes 2 I.C. • There is more to him than at first appears Trotter

19. In his early 20s • Weak & ineffectual • Psychologically ill or cowardly? • Exploitative of women • A contrast to Raleigh • Not part of the ‘brotherhood’ of C company Hibbert

20. Raleigh • Boyish youth • Naive & vulnerable • An old school friend of Stanhope • Courageous • Eager to please • Hero worships the older men • A typical innocent victim of war

21. Mason • Lower class character • Soldier & cook • Hard working & keen to serve • Offers moments of light relief • He brings normality to the madness of war

22. The Plot

23. Plot 1 Stanhope’s second in command, Osborne enters the dugout to take over from Hardy, the captain of the leaving company. Hardy talks about Stanhope as a drunkard and Osborne defends him.

24. Plot 2 A new officer, Raleigh arrives and we find out about his links with Stanhope. Stanhope arrives, calls for whiskey and reacts strangely to Raleigh. Hibbert, another officer, complains of neuralgia.

25. Plot 3 Stanhope tells Osborne about his contempt for Hibbert and concern over Raleigh’s presence. He decides to censor Raleigh’s letters.

26. Plot 4 The men talk about life away from war. We find out that Osborne played rugby for England. Osborne and Stanhope discuss the forthcoming attack. It is expected on Thursday – in 2 days time.

27. Plot 5 Raleigh enters and Stanhope insists on reading his letter home. The letter is read out and we see that it is full of praise for Stanhope.

28. Plot 6 The colonel arrives with news of a raid on the German line that needs to take place the following day. He suggests Osborne and Raleigh should take part in the raid.

29. Plot 7 Hibbert tries to leave but Stanhope threatens to shoot him and then sympathises with him. Hibbert is persuaded to stay and help the others.

30. Plot 8 The officers are told about the raid. Osborne is resigned to his fate, Raleigh is elated and Trotter thinks it is stupid timing.

31. Plot 9 The colonel gives an encouraging talk to the men, promising that Osborne and Raleigh will be awarded a Military Cross for bravery. The raid takes place and Osborne and 6 others die, but a German soldier is taken prisoner.

32. Plot 10 The German prisoner is interrogated and the colonel seems happy but Raleigh is stunned by his experience and Stanhope is bitter.

33. Plot 11 All the officers eat a celebratory dinner, but Raleigh does not join in. Stanhope sends Hibbert to bed. Trotter is made second in command. When Raleigh appears, he and Stanhope argue.

34. Plot 12 The final German attack comes. Raleigh dies as Stanhope looks after him. Just after Stanhope leaves the stage, the dugout collapses into darkness.

35. Three acts • Confined time span • Claustrophobic setting • Does not follow the rules of a ‘well made play’- instead a series of complications are presented leading to mini climaxes • Texture of mood & tone Structure

36. Examiners award candidates who are able to comment on how any specific scene or moment is linked to the rest of the play • Think about drama as being holographic – each section comments on the WHOLE text

38. Comic Relief The obsession with food and public schoolboy conversation is at odds with the horrors of the trenches and can therefore be amusing. It also makes a point that mental diversions were a survival strategy for the men in war.

39. Themes

40. Osborne’s watch • Raleigh’s letter • Alcohol • Osborne’s ‘Alice in Wonderland’ • Red rags on the barbed wire • Osborne’s wedding ring • Military Cross • The ‘last meal’ • The sun Symbols

41. Realism in theatre as a movement • While the language is now dated, it was modern in the 20s • The language of Public Schools • Mason – cockney accent & dialect • Trotter – simple colloquialisms & idioms • Osborne – Controlled & reserved • Stanhope – restraint & outbursts • Raleigh – childlike innocence Language & style