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Presentation Outline Establishing network of refugia and sanctuaries

REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILAND WWW.UNEPSCS.ORG. Some Good Practices in the Establishment of Refugia , Sanctuaries, and Fisheries Management Systems in the Philippines.

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Presentation Outline Establishing network of refugia and sanctuaries

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  1. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Some Good Practices in the Establishment of Refugia, Sanctuaries, and Fisheries Management Systems in the Philippines

  2. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Presentation Outline • Establishing network of refugia and sanctuaries • Species specific management interventions • Some initiatives towards ecosystem approach

  3. South China Sea Lingayen Gulf Pacific Ocean Mindoro Strait Malampaya Sound Sulu Sea Celebes Sea REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Major areas of high larval count and presumed to have intense spawning (based on Magnusson, 1970 and Tan, 1970).

  4. Batanes Islands Ilocos Coast Ilocos Coast Lingayen Gulf Lingayen Gulf Subic Bay, Zambales Subic Bay Zambales Manila Bay Manila Bay Batangas Coast Mindoro Strait Malampaya Sound Malampaya Calamianes Islands No. Palawan KIG KIG Northern Palawan REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Map of western Philippines showing locations of main embayments (red squares) and other coastal areas of transboundary significance in the South China Sea.

  5. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Candidate refugia sites in western Philippines • Bolinao, Lingayen Gulf • Masinloc, Zambales • Busuanga, Calamianes

  6. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Participants in the various consultations • Local Government Units • Academe • Regional Government Agencies • Law Enforcers (Police, Coast Guard, Navy, Bantay Dagat) • Fisherfolk Organizations • Non-Governmental Organizations • People’s Organizations • National Committee Members

  7. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG

  8. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Circulation pattern General tidal circulation in Coron Bay (Villanoy 2006).

  9. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Simulated dispersal Simulated dispersal resulting from tidal circulation in Coron Bay (Villanoy 2006).

  10. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Simulated dispersal Simulated dispersal with wind effects typical of April (Villanoy 2006). Red ellipses indicate areas where settled particles originate from several sources. Grey lines indicate possible but weak dispersal, apparent only after 30 days.

  11. Fish Eggs REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Fish eggs distribution Density (no./100m3) distribution of fish eggs in Coron Bay in April 2004 (Campos 2004)

  12. Fish Larvae REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Fish larvae distribution Density (ind./100m3) distribution of fish larvae in Coron Bay in April 2004. (Campos 2004)

  13. Yolk Sac REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Yolk sac larvae distribution Distribution of yolk sac larvae in Coron Bay in April 2004 (Campos 2004)

  14. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Marine sanctuary sites

  15. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Candidate mangrove refugia

  16. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Closed Season for rabbit fish, Siganus canaliculatus • Close season during spawning season 4th 5th and 6th day after the new moon monthly for the entire year or for a few months only • Banning of fine meshed gears catching rabbit fishes • Banning of selling of rabbit fishes during close season

  17. Siganus canaliculatus REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Closed Season for rabbit fish, Siganus canaliculatus

  18. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Closed Season for rabbit fish, Siganus canaliculatus new moon Catch monitoring data from various gears catching rabbit fish in Danajon Bank from May to July 2004

  19. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Major seagrass areas

  20. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Proposed temporal seagrass closed areas

  21. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Size limit on blue crab, Portunus pelagicus, and ban on harvesting of berried individuals 12 cm • Size limits (12 cm carapace width?) • Minimum crab gillnet mesh size of 10 cm (4 inches) • Prohibit selling and buying of berried females • Impounding berried females (7 days?) • Zoning of crab fishing gears

  22. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Size limit on blue crab, Portunus pelagicus, and ban on harvesting of berried individuals Length at maturity

  23. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG

  24. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG

  25. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG

  26. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Minimum and maximum size limit for red grouper, Plectropomus leopardus, in Calamianes Lm 500g - 1,000g 2 - 4 years old Immature Super spawners Length frequency distribution of Plectropomus leopardus in Calamianes in 1998 (Mamauag et al. 2002)

  27. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Minimum and maximum size limit for red grouper, Plectropomus leopardus, in Calamianes 500g - 1,000g Sex Selectivity? Immature Super spawners Length frequency distribution of sexual development stages of Plectropomus leopardus in Calamianes (Mamauag 1997) Lm

  28. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Ban on harvest of berried lobster

  29. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Ban on fine meshed fishing gears catching juveniles

  30. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Trophic level: the concept 4 Top predators  10% 3 Prey fish Trophic level  10% 2 Zooplankton  10% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. 1 Phytoplankton

  31. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Trophic groups

  32. 4 3 2 1 REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Average trophic level = 2.89 ahaan, awman, pugawo (reef piscivores) bawo, talakitok, tangigi (pelagic piscivores) lambay, kasag (crabs) potpot, moong, timbungan (soft-bottom zoobenthos feeders) bolinao, guno (coastal planktivores) Trophic level mangsi, gilang maubgas (sardines) pasayan (shrimps) Zooplankton banak, gisaw (algal grazers, herbivores) Phytoplankton Algae Detritus

  33. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Simulation

  34. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Trend in harvestable biomass in years following intervention Partial management Sound management No management

  35. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG No management

  36. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Partial management

  37. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Sound management

  38. REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILANDWWW.UNEPSCS.ORG Summary of results of simulation • Collapse of management regime will lead to overall decline of the harvestable biomass • Partial management will lead to the biggest overall increase in the harvestable biomass but drastic decline of important commodity like the “blue crab” • Sound management will lead to a moderate increase in the harvestable biomass but increase in the desirable species especially the carnivores

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