Week 8 Review : Uses of the Subjunctive, Part 1

1. Week 8 Review: Uses of the Subjunctive, Part 1

2. The Purpose Clause The Purpose clause is a subordinate use of the subjunctive expressing purpose or obligation. - “We come to class so that we may learn about Latin.” A purpose clauseanswers the question “why” or “for what purpose” the main action of the sentence is performed In English, we can express purposewith an infinitive or the phrases “so that” or “in order that” Latin, however, uses “ut” or “nē” + the subjunctive - Ad scholamvenimusutdēLatinādiscāmus Caesar grabs a sword in order to fight Caesar gladiumcapitutpugnet. Negate a purpose clause by using “nē” in place of “ut”. Caesar fights so that the country may notbe captured. Caesar pugnatnēpatria capiatur.

3. Result Clauses The result clause is another of the subordinateuses of the subjunctive mood. While the purpose clause answers the question of “Why?,” the result clause answers the question: “What was the outcome?” A ResultClause is ALWAYS introduced with utand has a subjunctiveverb. The main clause will often have an adverb (ita, tam, sic) or adj. of degree (tantus/a/um) - this is the “sign word” sign word + ut + subjunctive verb = Result Clause If it’s a negative resultclause, the dependent clause will have a negative word (non, nihil, nullus, etc)

4. Translating Result Clauses All of the “sign words” convey a sense of degree, carrying meanings like “so” or “such” “ut,” translated as “that,” marks the start of the result clause The sign word from the main clause will tell you how to translate the result clause, but here’s the basic idea: so….that…. such…that… so many…that… to such an extent that… in such a way that... Examples: Tantafēcituturbemservaret. He did such great things thathe saved the city. Virtus Caesaristantaest utvinci non possit. The virtue of Caesar issogreatthathecannotbebeaten.

5. Indirect Questions Why does the king fight? They ask why the king fights. Where did the boy run? They ask where the boy ran. What is truth? Cicero asked what truth was. Indirect Questions report QUESTIONS indirectly and they form using a dependent subjunctive. To form the indirect question: Main verb of questioning, etc. + Question Word+ Subjunctive Note on translating IQs: You will always translate an Indirect Question with an indicative verb in English. The verb of the IQ will move to the end of the English sentence. Cur rexpugnat? Rogantcurrexpugnet. Ubipuercucurrit? Rogantubipuercucurrerit. Quid estveritas? Cicero rogavitquidveritasesset.

6. Some Interrogative Words often used for Indirect Questions

7. Indirect Comand (IC)aka “Jussive Noun Clause” An Indirect Command, like Indirect Statement and Indirect Question,is another form of indirect discourse. Also known as the “Jussive Noun Clause,” this equates to the indirect report of a command Formation: verb of ordering + ut/ne + subjunctive Translate the subjunctive verb in a IC as: “to…” or “not to…” The subject of the IC will usually be included as the Direct object or Indirect object of the main clause Domīnusnautīsimperatutad īnsulamnavigent. The master orders the sailors to sail to the island. Caesar militēssuōshortātusestuthostēsvincerent. Caesar urged his soldiers to conquer their enemies. Lēxnōsmonetnēcivēsnostrōsinterficiamus. The law warns us not to kill our citizens.

8. Miscellaneous IC info The IC extends to cover a wide variety of situations, including orders, requests, jussive subjunctives, advice, exhortations, etc. When we first see the IC, it looks a lot like a Purpose clause. We can tell them apart by the verb in the main clause and that an IC answers the question: “what was ordered/advised/requested/etc?” This means that the IC is one of many substantive clauses in Latin, the entire IC clause functions as the object of the verb of ordering/asking/speaking/thinking/etc. Any verb of Ordering, Advising, urging, thinking, speaking, etc., can introduce an IC The ONE BIG EXCEPTION: iubeoonly takes an infinitive

9. Fear clauses If you’re afraid of something, it functions as a directobject. ex: I fear the dog. - Timeocanem. However, if you’re afraid that something will or won’t happen, that action is a fear clause. ex: I fear that none of you will study. Fearing Clauses break down like this: Verb of Fearing + ut/nē + Subjunctive Verb Use the utwhen you’re afraid something will NOT happen (and thus you want it to happen!) Use nēwhen you’re afraid something will happen (and thus you don’t want it to happen!) In fearing clauses, translate: ut– “that…not” ne– “that” or “lest” Note: it’s the opposite of what you’d expect! For the subjunctive verbs: use auxiliaries: “will” / “may” (prim. seq.) – or – “would” / “might” (Sec. seq.)

10. Fear clauses Fearing Clauses break down like this: Verb of Fearing + ut/nē + Subjunctive Verb ut– “that…not” ne– “that” or “lest” For the subjunctive verbs: use English auxiliaries: “will” / “may” (prim. seq.) – or – “would” / “might” (Sec. seq.) Examples: Timeōnēid crēdant. I fear thatthey may believe this. Timuīut id crēdant. I feared that they might notbelieve this.

11. Sequence of Tenses • Now that we have reviewed all the tenses of the Subjunctive, it’s worth recalling how the Sequence of Tenses works. • Any subordinate use of the subjunctivein Latin will use a specific tense for the dependent verb as dictated by the Sequence of Tenses. • The main verb of the sentence will dictate which sequence the sentence follows: • Primary Sequence = Main verbs in Present, Future, and Perfect tenses • Secondary Sequence = Main verbs in Perfect, Imperfect, and Pluperfect tenses • You may notice that the perfect tense main verb can be treated as primary sequence or as secondary sequence, this is due to its unique emphasis of the “present result” of a “past action,” suggesting both possible periods of time (primary and historical) • Note, too, that “historical” present tense verbs in historical narrative are usually treated as secondary sequence. (We will observe this in the BC)

12. Sequence of Tenses Note, again, that the Sequence of tenses only applies to Subordinate (aka Dependent) uses of the Subjunctive.