Advanced Chemistry

Advanced Chemistry Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups

Halides Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Esters Carboxylic Acids Amines Amides Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

Functional Groups Functional Groups (FG) • Atom or group of atoms that can be a substituent on a carbon chain • These groups greatly modify the behavior of the hydrocarbon • There are many kinds of FG – most contain different arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen

Types of Functional Groups Halides – hydrocarbons plus a halogen • EX: 1-chlorobutane C – C – C – C - Cl • EX: 2,2-dibromopropane Br C – C – C Br

Types of Functional Groups Halides • Number chain so halide has lowest number • If more than one halide use prefix • di-, tri-, etc • If more than one halide on same carbon write the # twice in the name • 2,2-dibromopropane

Types of Functional Groups Alcohols – hydrocarbons w/ an OH group • Number so OH group gets lowest number possible • General Formula: R – OH • R represents the rest of the carbon chain

Types of Functional Groups Alcohols • Name of hydrocarbon changes by adding the suffix to –ol. Ethane  Ethanol

Types of Functional Groups Alcohol • If more than one OH group, then use prefix indicating how many OH there are • Also indicate the location of the OH groups using numbers • EX: 1,1-propandiol C – C – C – OH OH

Types of Functional Groups Ethers – organic compounds with an “oxygen bridge.” • General Formula: R – O – R • EX:

Types of Functional Groups Ethers • The name of the ether includes the names of the alkyl groups on each side of the oxygen and then the word ether on the end. • Name alphabetically • Symmetrical ethers get prefix • EX: Methyl Propyl Ether C – O – C – C – C

Types of Functional Groups Aldehydes – organic compounds that contain a double bonded oxygen at the terminal carbon • General Formula: O R – C – H

Types of Functional Groups Aldehydes • Name of hydrocarbon changes by adding the suffix –al. • EX: Butane  Butanal

Types of Functional Groups Ketone – a compound that has a double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that is not at the end of the carbon chain. • General Formula: O R1 – C – R2

Types of Functional Groups Ketones • The name of the keytone is derived from the name of the alkane, the –e ending is switched to –one. • For chains over four carbons, the location of the double bonded oxygen is denoted by a numerical prefix. • EX: Pentane  3-Pentanone C C C

Types of Functional Groups Carboxylic Acids – organic compounds that have a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of the carbon chain. • General Formula: O R – C – O – H

Types of Functional Groups Carboxylic Acid • The –e ending of the alkane is changed to –oic, and the word acid is added. • EX: Butane  Butanoic Acid • When numbering the carbon chain, the chain starts at the end with the carboxyl group

Types of Functional Groups Esters – organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids • An ester is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an –OR group • General Formula: O R – C – O – R

Types of Functional Groups Esters • Name the R part of the –OR group first, followed by the name of the acid, with the –ic ending changed to ate. • EX: ethanoic acid  methyl ethanoate

Types of Functional Groups Amines – organic compounds that have an amino group (NH2) attached somewhere on the carbon chain. • General Formula (variations on NH3) R – N – H R – N – R R – N – R H H H Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine

Types of Functional Groups Amines • The amine group is named as a substituent on the carbon chain • If more than one amino group a prefix is used and a number denotes position • EX: propanamine (aminopropane or propyl amine)

Types of Functional Groups Amines • Name primary amines as alkanamines • (e.g. methanamine) • There are several ways to name amines (seen below)

Types of Functional Groups Amines • Name secondary amines by using longest carbon chain for root name, the other chain becomes the substituent • When the two alkyl groups are the same it can also be named as a dialkyl amine. • EX: Diethyl amine

Types of Functional Groups Amines • Name tertiary amines similar to the secondary amines, the longest chain of carbons takes the root name and the other chains become a substituents located on the N • When the three alkyl groups are the same it can be named as a trialkyl amine • Ex: trimethyl amine

Types of Functional Groups Amines • In more complex molecules with multiple substituents, or ones containing higher priority functional groups, the amine is named as an amino- substituent. • It is located by numbering the longest chain of carbons and locating the NH2 group by this numbering scheme • EX: 3-amino-2,6-dimethyl-4-propyloctane

Types of Functional Groups Amides - organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids • An amide is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an amino group • General Formula: O R – C – O – NH2

Types of Functional Groups Amides • When naming amides, replace the –ic with amide. • EX: Ethanoic acid  Ethanaminde

Summary • Definition of Functional Groups • Types of Functional Groups

Advanced Chemistry