Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Preventive Cardiology

1. Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Preventive Cardiology Nathan D. Wong, PhD, FACC, FAHA Professor and Director Heart Disease Prevention Program Division of Cardiology University of California, Irvine

2. Overview of Diabetes in the United States

3. Diabetes Prevalence, 1990-1998

4. Age-adjusted prevalence of physician-diagnosed diabetes in Adults age 18 and older by race/ethnicity and sex (NHANES: 1999-2004). Source: NCHS and NHLBI. NH – non-Hispanic.

7. Risk of Cardiovascular Events in DiabeticsFramingham Study _________________________________________________________________ Age-adjusted Biennial Rate Age-adjusted Per 1000Risk Ratio Cardiovascular EventMen WomenMen Women Coronary Disease 39 21 1.5** 2.2*** Stroke 15 6 2.9*** 2.6*** Peripheral Artery Dis. 18 18 3.4*** 6.4*** Cardiac Failure 23 21 4.4*** 7.8*** All CVD Events 76 65 2.2*** 3.7*** Subjects 35-64 36-year Follow-up **P<.001,***P<.0001 _________________________________________________________________

8. Insulin Resistance

9. Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes

10. Development of Type 2 Diabetes

11. Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Results From Three Major Metabolic Defects

12. Relationship Between Obesity andInsulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia

13. Insulin Resistance: Associated Conditions

14. New Cases of ESRD in the United States

15. New Cases of ESRD in the United States by Cause and Ethnicity, 1998

16. Microalbuminuria

17. Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

18. Probability of Death From CHD in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Previous MI

19. Framingham Heart Study 30-Year Follow-Up:CVD Events in Patients With Diabetes (Ages 35-64) 10 10 9 Men Women 8 11 Risk ratio 6 30 19 4 38 9 6 20 3* 2 0 Total CVD CHD Cardiac failure Intermittentclaudication Stroke Age-adjusted annual rate/1,000 P<0.001 for all values except *P<0.05. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB. In: Hyperglycemia, Diabetes and Vascular Disease. Ruderman N et al, eds. Oxford; 1992.

20. Presentation • Name: WJC • Age: 54 years old • Professional: former chief executive • Personal: wife lives principally in Washington, DC; he has a personal cook in his suburban NY home • Lifestyle: • Occasional use of cigars • has had a long-term weight problem • likes to play golf

21. Presentation (cont’d) • Examination: • Height: 6 ft 2 in • Weight: 220 lb (BMI 28 kg/m2) • Waist circumference: 41 in • BP: 150/88 mm Hg • P: 64 bpm • RR: 12 breaths/min • Cardiopulmonary exam: normal

22. Presentation (cont’d) • Medications: • sildenafil 50 mg prn • amlodipine 5 mg/d • Laboratory results: • TC: 220 mg/dL • HDL-C: 36 mg/dL • LDL-C: 140 mg/dL • TG: 220 mg/dL • FBS: 120 mg/dL

23. The Metabolic Syndrome Endothelial Systemic Complex Dysfunction Inflammation Dyslipidemia TG, LDL HDL Athero- sclerosis Insulin Disordered Resistance Fibrinolysis Hypertension Visceral Obesity Type 2 Diabetes Adapted from the ADA. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:310-314;Pradhan AD et al. JAMA. 2001;286:327-334.

24. Risk Factor Defining Level Abdominal obesity†(Waist circumference‡) MenWomen >102 cm (>40 in)>88 cm (>35 in) TG 150 mg/dL or Rx for ↑ TG HDL-C MenWomen <40 mg/dL<50 mg/dL or Rx for ↓ HDL Blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg or on HTN Rx Fasting glucose 100 mg/dL or Rx for ↑ glucose Revised ATP III Metabolic Syndrome Oct 2005 *Diagnosis is established when 3 of these risk factors are present. †Abdominal obesity is more highly correlated with metabolic risk factors than is BMI. ‡Some men develop metabolic risk factors when circumference is only marginally increased.

25. International Diabetes Federation Definition: Abdominal obesity plus two other components: elevated BP, low HDL, elevated TG, or impaired fasting glucose

32. 45 Men 40 Women 35 30 25 Prevalence (%) 20 15 10 5 0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 > 70 Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults NHANES 1988-1994 Age (years) Ford E et al. JAMA. 2002(287):356. 1999-2002 Prevalence by IDF vs. NCEP Definitions (Ford ES, Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2745-9) (unadjusted, age 20+) NCEP : 33.7% in men and 35.4% in women IDF: 39.9% in men and 38.1% in women

33. White African American Mexican American Other Prevalence of the NCEP Metabolic Syndrome: NHANES III by Sex and Race/Ethnicity 36% 28% 26% 25% 23% 21% 20% Prevalence, % 16% Men Women Ford ES et al. JAMA 2002;287:356-359.

34. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Total Mortality: US Men and Women Ages 30-74(age, gender, and risk-factor adjusted Cox regression) NHANES II Follow-Up (n=6255)(Malik and Wong, et al., Circulation 2004; 110: 1245-1250) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * ** * p<.05, ** p<.01, **** p<.0001 compared to none

36. Metabolic Syndrome, CVD Events, and Mortality • European cohort studies (6156 men and 5356 women): Modified WHO definition of MetS associated with all-cause mortality (RR=1.44 [1.17-1.84] in men and 1.38 [1.02-1.87] in women) and CVD mortality (RR=2.26 [1.61-3.17] in men and 2.78 [1.57-4.94 in women) (Hu et al. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1066-76) • Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (12,089 men and women): 11 year follow-up, ATP III MetS associated with 1.5-2-fold greater likelihood of developing CHD and stroke, but MetS did not improve prediction over FRS (McNeill et al. Diab Care 2005; 28: 385-90) • Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (2,175 elderly subjects): ATP III definition associated with 38% increased risk (p<0.01) of coronary/cerebrovascular events (Scuteri et al., Diab Care 2005; 28: 882-7)