Newspapers Political Cartooning and Cultural Trends of the…

1. Newspapers Political Cartooning and Cultural Trends of the… Late 19th and Early 20th Century

2. How is the press changing and/or being changed by? Technology Economics Culture Population

3. Harper’s Weekly 1857-1916 • Founded 1817, NYC • Becomes largest book publisher in US • Mag: like London illustrated weeklies 1850s • Publishes Charles Dickens’ novels • 1850s called “Harper’s Weakly” by abolitionists • moderate stance on slavery • Supported Stephen Douglas in 1860 • Becomes pro-Republican paper after 1860/ Lincoln • Thomas Nast joins in 1862, a force for 20 years • “the presidential maker” Grant, Hayes, Cleveland all helped by his cartoons:

4. Winslow Homer. "The Chinese in New York -- Scene in a Baxter Street Club-House." March 7, 1874. Theo R. Davis. "The New York Elevated Railroad From Franklin Square." September 7, 1878. C.S. Reinhart. "A City Mission School." April 11, 1874.

5. The World (NY) • Joseph Pulitzer creates • “Yellow journalism” • 1883 • “Hogan’s Alley” • The Yellow Kid • RF Occault • 1898 • 600,000-1 million / day San Francisco Academy of Comic Art Collection, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library

6. More pictures Font wars Reporters made news Sensationalism Crusading journalism New York Journal William Randolph Hearst Buys paper, mimics JP… lures away Occault and the Yellow Kid, 1895, then Davenport and Opper

7. Puck Magazine Joseph Keppler • like Nast, was a German speaking immigrant. Arrived ’67 • Recruited by Frank Leslie to counter Thomas Nast • Founded Puck in 1876: b/w and color illustrations • Front and centerfolds are political • Back page is social commentary

8. Named for Shakespeare’s Puck, of “A Midsummer Night Dream” • Puck made fun of everyone, but developed a generally pro-Democratic slant • NOW look at the cartoon carefully…

9. Puck Inspires a Rival…The Judge1881-1932 • James Wales leaves Puck and founds a new magazine, attracting Gilliam and others • At first with similar views, it soon found identity as a Republican “Puck”

10. Straightforward News…?New York Tribune (Log Cabin - Horace Greeley 1841) and NY Times (1851…1884….Adolph Ochs 1896)“All the news that’s fit to print” C.G. Bush. "Election Returns --- Scene in Front of the New York 'Tribune' Office at Midnight, November 6-7." November 24, 1866.

11. Universities Changing • Johns Hopkins • Charles Eliot • University of Chicago • Morrill Land Grant Act • Alumni

12. How Revolutionary the Social Sciences? Richard Ely Oliver Wendell Holmes

13. The Turner Thesis

14. Thomas Nast, Who Stole the People's Money? Harpers Weekly, (19th August, 1871). Cartoon showing William Tweed, Peter Sweeney, Richard Connolly and Mayor Oakley Hall

15. If all the people want is for someone to be arrested…

16. Tammany Hall, 1902

17. The Tweed Courthouse, 52 Chambers Street, ManhattanCost to City: $13 million, Cost to build: $3 millionToday houses NYC Dept of Education!

18. Boss Tweed • A native born Protestant • Grand Sachem of Tammany 1861-1871 • $ for Irish political exiles • Ensured Catholic schools and orphanages got charitable donations • 1869 got a law passed covertly that enabled Catholic schools to received city funds. • Public works – 100s of jobs and contracts… • siphoned $ by arrangement; Estimates vary: $30-200 million?? • Aftermath of Tweed’s 1871 conviction: • “Honest John” Kelly and Samuel Tilden reform Tammany • But soon Tim Sullivan restores Tammany to ill form

19. Nov. 16, 1867 “The First Vote” Thomas Nast

20. Influential Thomas Nast • Civil War supporter in tepid NYC • Lincoln: “our best recruiting sergeant” • Civil rights during Reconstruction • Boss William Tweed takedown in NYC ‘69-71 • Tammany Hall machine • Harper’s lost a contract for publishing books for NYC schools when it did not fire Nast • He refused a bribe of $500,000 to stop…when his salary was $5000. • Also attacked power of trade unions and Catholic Church

21. h "Stop them damned pictures. I don't care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures!!!!" - William “Boss” Tweed

22. Big Tim Sullivan • Tammany Boss and Mobster in early 1900s • Controlled police dept • A 1st!! 1911: Sullivan Law: bans the carrying of a concealed handgun in NYC without a permit • “His” Police Dept issues permits • Guess his motivation for getting first gun control law?

23. Tenement Life

24. Party Symbols Invented...The Off Year, 1877

25. Realism • What is realism and how is it a product of the period? • William Dean Howells • Emile Zola • Feodor Doestoevsky

26. Realism The Agnew Clinic (1889) What is realism and how is it a product of the period? The Gross Clinic, Thomas Eakins (1875)

27. President: Rutherford B Hayes • “Rutherfraud” to Democrats, but personally honest • Strongly supported • higher tariffs • Hard currency • Spoke out against poor treatment of southern blacks • Avoided collecting political contributions from office seekers • v

28. SOAPSToneS This! • Source: Currier and Ives described itself as "Publishers of Cheap and Popular Pictures". Connecticut • In 1835–1907, produced more than a million prints by hand-colored lithography. • Staff of artists: colors applied by an assembly line, German immigrant girls • Depicted a variety of images of American life

29. President: James Garfield • Division of Republicans into Half Breeds and Stalwarts • Assassinated by a Stalwart lawyer • Honest Civil War General who opposed waving the bloody shirt • Supported some civil service reform • New Pres. Chester Arthur signs Pendleton Act

30. 1884 Election Blaine Exposed…..Bernard Gilliam, “Phryne Before the Chicago Tribunal” 4 June, 1884.

31. Grover Cleveland • Winner 1884 • ICA • Tariff issue • Civil Service • Wins fight with Senate over executive privilege and his hiring and firing of civil servants Tammany Hall Tiger

32. What’s this about? “The Mistake of a Lifetime” byFrank Beard  August 16, 1884

33. Harrison, the sequel • 1888 BCE Benjamin Harrison • Def GC over tariff issue • “Tippecanoe and Morton too” • Financially conservative, but billion dollar Congress (1290) • Tom Reed “We’re a billion dollar country” • 1st Pan American Congress • Sherman Anti-Trust Act

34. Grover Cleveland, again Defeats Harrison in 1892 • Depression 1893-97 - OUCH • Stock Market crash • 600 Vetoes • Pullman Strike 1594 Currency Issue • Abandons Sherman Silver Purchase Act • JP Morgan and Wall Street bolster gold reserves with deal

35. Judge v. Puck

36. Election of 1896: The Realignment

37. Dee-lighted, Pure Act, and The Big Stick

38. 1898 – The Rough Rider is approached by Boss Platt

39. A VP Candidate “What Could the Poor Boy Do?” William Allen Rogers  Harper's Weekly  June 30, 1900

40. “Branded But Not ‘Broken’ " Udo J. Keppler  September 12, 1900

41. “Firm Stance on the Rebate Bill” Homer Davenport, 1902

42. Puck illustrates allegations against TR in ‘04…but is it misleading? “Putting the Screws on Hi  by Udo J. Keppler  November 2, 1904

44. “Lining Up for the Greatest Race in the World"  William Allen Rogers, Harper's Weekly, July 2, 1904

45. A 1904 campaign bill By Homer Davenport

46. “Once More into the Breach, Dear Friends, Once More” Edward Windsor Kemble Harper's Weekly  July 18, 1908

47. (Who invented bball?) “Goal!: Just a Little Basket Ball Practice in the White House Gym” Frank Nankivell  March 4, 1908

48.  “The Voice of Jacob, But the Hand of Esau” William Allen Rogers  Harper's Weekly February 29, 1908

49. “I Believe in Giving Every Man a Square Deal” Edward Windsor Kemble  Harper's Weekly  March 9, 1912

50. "The Latest Arrival at the Political Zoo" Edward Windsor Kemble  Harper's Weekly  July 20, 1912