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Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave 195

Page 1. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE. Next. 1900 to 2010. Toffler’s Wave Theory. 1900. 1910. 1920. 1930. 1940. 1950. 1960. 1970. 1980. 1990. 2000. 2010. Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave

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Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave 195

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  1. Page 1 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next 1900 to 2010 Toffler’s Wave Theory 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key advances and innovations by decade Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform • In his book, The Third Wave (1980), Alvin Toffler discusses his wave theory. The agricultural wave began in 1600 and ended in 1750. It impacted the school semesters, so school ended in time for children to help in the fields. For more information, see http://scg.co.sarasota.fl.us/OED/pdf%20file/thirdwave.pdf.

  2. Page 2 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Toffler’s Wave Theory 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key advances and innovations by decade Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform • The industrial wave began in 1750 and ended in 1950. The impact on schools from the industrial wave was that schools separated children into classrooms by children’s ages. The school semesters were still based on the agricultural wave, and school ended so the children could still work in the fields even though their help was no longer required because most people had moved to the cities for jobs.

  3. Page 3 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Toffler’s Wave Theory 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key advances and innovations by decade Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform • The information wave began in the 1950s and lasted until 2000. The information wave took off with the development of the personal computer. With access to computers, information was literally at your finger tips. With the information explosion came cell phones, smart phones, social networks, and digital online classrooms. Information no longer belonged to the churches and the rich.

  4. Page 4 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Toffler’s Wave Theory 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key advances and innovations by decade Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform • No one knows for certain what the next wave will be. Some say the virtual wave; Dr. Dede suggested the biotechnology wave where learning will be enhanced by pills that will helps us learn faster and easier; Dr. Thornburg suggested the creativity wave; and Toffler is credit with predicting the space-based wave. If Toffler is correct, the space-based wave began with NASA’s creation in 1958. We already have inventors working on flying cars, and Sandia National Laboratories is working on building an elelveator to the moon using nanotechnologies. Read more at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645407003795.

  5. Page 5 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Technology: key advances and innovations • Invention of the stereoscope • Method of processing film for photography • The development of the 16 mm projector 1900 to 1950 –Educational Film 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform The first entity to use film for educational purposes was the federal government (Saettler, 2004, p. 108). The newsreel, travelogue, and scientific motion picture were the precursor to the educational film (Saettler, 2004, p. 96). By using film in the classroom, students could safely be exposed to distant lands, perilous sites, and nature’s wonders (Snelson & Perkins, 2009, p. 4).

  6. Page 6 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Technology: key advances and innovations • Communication theory •Educational Broadcasting • Behaviorism • Instructional Design • Cognitivism 1900 to 1950 Educational Film 1950 to 1980 Communication 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform WWII communication studies stimulated communication research according to Saettler (2004, p. 275). In the early 1960s, McLuhan became know for his “media is the message” thesis, and, as Saettler, explained, McLuhan saw each medium as an extension of an individual human faculty (p. 273). Behaviorism in the 1960s replace learning theory and communication theory (p279). By 1970s, cognitivism began to influence educational technology.

  7. Page 7 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 • Educational Technology • Four generations of computers • Microcomputers in education Technology: key advances and innovations 1950-1980 Communication 1990 to 2010 State of the Art 1900 to 1950 –Educational Film 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform “Educational technology is not new information technologies,” asserts Saettler (2004, p. 453). New technologies may have implications for education: cell phones, communications satellite, broadband, video, interactive video, and electronic blackboards. Saettler claims that its use for educational purposes depends on its use and whether it can be adapted to the overall instructional process (p. 466).

  8. Page 8 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Work: Business philosophy To 1955 Industrial Wave ---straight line thinking 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Industrial wave thinking represented time in a straight line and used workers on a production line; employers wanted punctual workers. Men worked outside the home and women worked inside the home. Big businesses wanted cheap prices and took advantage of third world naïve countries to negotiate cheap prices to their advantage (Toffler, 1980).

  9. Page 9 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Work: Business philosophy 1900 to 1955 Industrial Wave ---straight line thinking I955 to 2000 Information Wave Knowledge is key to success. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform As Trilling and Fadel explain, “In 1991, the total money spent on Industrial Age goods in the United States—things like engines and machines for agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, transportation, energy production, and so on—was exceeded for the first time in history by the amount spent on information and communications technologies: computers, servers, printers, software, phones, networking devices and systems, and the like” (p. 3).

  10. Page 10 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Work: Business philosophy 2000 to ? Communications To 1955 Industrial Wave ---straight line thinking I955 to 2000 Information Wave Knowledge is key to success. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Thornburg (n. d.) tells us that “people who are flexible, lifelong learners, with a tolerance for ambiguity and a sense of self-direction can develop the high skills needed to secure high paying jobs that build our economy. Those who lack these skills are locked into low-paying jobs, or worse yet, no jobs at all” (p. 9).

  11. Page 11 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Edward Thorndike—first scientific learning theory 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Thorndike, Montessori, and Dewey made contributions to education during the 1900 to 1950 decades. Montessori and Dewey shared a common philosophy in regard to allowing students freedom and believed teacher should be more of a leader than a teacher. Montessori also adapted lessons to the individual student (Saettler, 2004, pp 53-62). Dewey believed in using the scientific method in education (Dewey, 1938).

  12. Page 12 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Edward Thorndike—first scientific learning theory 1946 Dale’s Cone of Experience 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform The Cone of Experience is a summary of Dale’s classification for the types of learning experiences (Molinda, 2003, p. 1).

  13. Page 13 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Edward Thorndike—first scientific learning theory 1950s Blooms taxonomy 1946 Dale’s Cone of Experience 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Bloom and colleagues developed a taxonomy based on learning behaviors, and their taxonomy first appeared in 1956 (Saettler, 2004, p. 289). Teachers often refer to his taxonomy when writing objectives for coursework.

  14. Page 14 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Edward Thorndike—first scientific learning theory 1950 to 1980 Skinner—Operant conditioning 1950s Blooms taxonomy 1946 Dale’s Cone of Experience 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform As Saettler explains, “To Skinner, a science of instruction had to be based on operant reinforcement in which sets of learner acts are reinforced, or strengthened, to increase the probablility of reoccurrence” (p. 69). See Skinner’s teaching machine.

  15. Page 15 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Edward Thorndike—first scientific learning theory 1980 to 2000 Piaget developed theory of cognition. 1950 to 1980 Skinner—Operant conditioning 1950s Blooms taxonomy 1946 Dale’s Cone of Experience 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Saettler (2004) tells us that Piaget’s stages of cognition provided guidelines for a new approach to instructional design (p. 72).

  16. Page 16 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction • Effects of devices • Motion picture projectors • Television • Audio and video discs • microcomputers 1900 to 1950 Physical science or media view 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Four Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Four paradigm shifts occurred in this century: physical science or media view, communications and systems, behaviorism, and cognitive science (Saettler, 2004, p. 7). Each shift brought a new perspective to educational technology.

  17. Page 17 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction • Process of communicating information from source to receiver • No loner ajd but component 1900 to 1950 Physical science or media view 1950 to 1960 Communication and systems 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Four Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Four paradigm shifts occurred in the 20th century: physical science or media view, communications and systems, behaviorism, and cognitive science (Saettler, 2004, p. 7). Each shift brought a new perspective to educational technology.

  18. Page 18 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Education: important theories and instruction • Individualized instruction • Skinner • Reinforcement • Science based technology of instruction 1900 to 1950 Physical science or media view 1950 to 1960 Communication and systems 1960 to 1980 Behaviorism 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Four Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Four paradigm shifts occurred in the 20th century: physical science or media view, communications and systems, behaviorism, and cognitive science (Saettler, 2004, p. 7). Each shift brought a new perspective to educational technology.

  19. Page 19 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 • Learning strategies • Intellectual skills • Instruction activates learning strategies Education: important theories and instruction 1900 to 1950 Physical science or media view 1950 to 1960 Communication and systems 1980 to 2000 Cognitive Science 1960 to 1980 Behaviorism 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Four Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Four paradigm shifts occurred in the 20th century: physical science or media view, communications and systems, behaviorism, and cognitive science (Saettler, 2004, p. 7). Each shift brought a new perspective to educational technology.

  20. Page 20 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 1920 First film with sound Women given right to vote Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade 1980 Berlin Wall falls, Pac Man, 1950 Space race, color tv, beginning of civil rights movement 1990 end of Cold War, Oklahoma City Bombings, Columbine High School massacre 1930 Great Depression 1900 First silent film 1910 WWI prohibition 1940 WWII Atomic bomb 1960 to 1970 Viet Nam War 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform To learn more about the cultural history, art and architecture, books and literature, fads and films, historic events and people, and theater, film, and radio, click on the decade of interest.

  21. Page 21 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 1983 A Nation at Risk 2002 No Child Left Behind 1929 Stock Market Crash 1917 WWI 1930 Great Depression 1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Wave Theory: Agricultural Wave 8000 BC—1650-1750 AD | 1750—1955--Industrial Wave | 1950—2000 Information Wave \ 1958--? Space-based Wave 1958—2050 Project ed Space-based Wave Technology: Key Advances and Innovations Work: Business Philosophy by Wave Education: Important Theories and Instruction by decade This is an exampletext Society and Culture: Events that determined each decade Economics: Events that drive society, culture, and school reform Tyack and Cuban (1995), in their book Tinkering toward utopia, and Dewey (1938), in his book Experience and education, tell us that during times of economic or national crises, school reform becomes the focus. Since the inception of public education, reforms were used to modify not only educational practices but problems in society. Because the generally held conviction was that education would cure social and economic problems and uphold the United States’ place in the world market (Tyack and Cuban, 1995).

  22. Page 22 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Behaviorism: learning theory. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.msu.edu/~purcelll/behaviorism%20theory.htm?pagewanted=all Brown vs. board of education in PBS’ Supreme Court. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTGHLdr-iak. Case, R. (1993). Theories of learning and theories of development. Educational psychologist, 28(3), 219-233. Retrieved from http://www.andrews.edu/~rbailey/Chapter%20one/9401313658.pdf Cognitive Theories of learning. (n.d.). Theory into practice: The influence to instructional systems design. Retrieved from http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxh139/cognitive_1.htm#influence.

  23. Page 23 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. Education Week. (2011, August). Spotlight on technology in the classroom. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/marketplace/products/spotlight-technology-in-classroom.html. Fisch, K. (creator) and modified by McLeod, S. (2007). Did you know; shift happens—globalization; information age. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ljbI-363A2Q.

  24. Page 24 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Ivestor, P. (2002). Simplified history of educational film producers. Retrieved from http://www.paulivester.com/schoolfilm/history.htm. McLuhan, M. (2006). The medium is the message. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtycdRBAbXk. Molenda, M. (2003). Cone of experience. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~molpage/Cone%20of%20Experience_text.pdf. O’Neal, A. F., Fairweather, P. G., & Huh, Y. H. (1988). Instructional system design. Retrieved from http://www.whidbey.com/frodo/isd.htm. Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://tip.psychology.org/skinner.html.

  25. Page 25 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Overbaugh, R. C. & Schultz, L. (n.d.). Bloom’s taxonomy. Retrieved from http://www.odu.edu/educ/roverbau/Bloom/blooms_taxonomy.htm. PBS. (n.d.). Stock market crash. The first measured century. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/estockmktcrash.htm. Piaget's Cognitive Development R. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxh139/cognitive_1.htm#influence. Pugno, N. M. (2007, September). The role of defects in the design of space elevator cable: From nanotube to megatube. ActaMaterialia, 55(15) 5269-5279. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645407003795.

  26. Page 26 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Saettler, P. (2004). The evolution of Amercan educational technology. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Shira. (n.d.). Agricultural wave. X Timeline (beta). Retrieved from http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=808504. Springhouse Corporation. (1990). Piaget’s cognitive stages. Patient Teaching, Loose Leaf Library. Retrieved from http://www2.honolulu.hawaii.edu/facdev/guidebk/teachtip/piaget.htm

  27. Page 27 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Snelson, C. & Perkins, R. (2009). From silent film to YouTube™: Tracing the historical roots of motion picturetechnologies in education. Journal of visual literacy, 28(1-27), Retrieved from http://www.ohio.edu/visualliteracy/JVL_ISSUE_ARCHIVES/JVL28(1)/28_1_SnelsonPerkins.pdf. The great depression 1929—documentary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyAZGqFtVjw. Treat, A., Wang, Y., Chadha, R. & Dixon, M. (2006). Major developments in instructional technology: during the 20th century. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~idt/shortpapers/documents/ITduring20.html.

  28. Page 28 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). The new building blocks for learning in a complex world. 21st Century skills: Learning for life in our times. Retrieved from http://www.21stcenturyskillsbook.com/book.php. Tyack, D & Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: a century of public school reform. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. USA Today. (2008). ‘Nation at risk’: The best thing or worst thing for education. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2008-04-22-nation-at-risk_N.htm.

  29. Page 29 • EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Next Back 1900 to 2010 References U.S. Department of Education. (2010). Elementary & secondary education. Ed.gov. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html. Waves of the Future. (2010). The second wave: The industrial revolution. Waves of the future. Retrieved from http://wavesofthefuture.net/wave-industrial-fossil-fuels-oil-crisis.shtml. Whitley, P. (2008). 1900-1909. American Cultural History. Lone Star College- Kingwood Library, Kingwood, TX. Retrieved from http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/decade00.html. World War One—footage. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVDUXPB_sTs.

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