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How are living things classified?. Part One. What is classification? Phylogeny Binomial Nomenclature Dichotomous Keys. What is classification?. Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them. Look at the images on the next page. What do they have in common?
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Part One • What is classification? • Phylogeny • Binomial Nomenclature • Dichotomous Keys
What is classification? • Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them. • Look at the images on the next page. • What do they have in common? • How many different ways can you divide these flying things into groups? • Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with 2 headings and then subdivide each group.
Phylogeny • The evolutionary relationships between organisms. • Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms: • Plants –complex multicellular cells, make own food • Animals – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophs (eat other organisms) • Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, & mildew • Protists – complex unicellular, ex. algae • Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments • Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria (Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College)
Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Pneumonic Device: King Phillip can only find green socks!
Kingdom is the largest category and then it gets subdivided into smaller and smaller groups. • Species is the smallest group - only organisms that are the same species can mate & produce fertile offspring
Questions • Which two organisms on the previous slide are most closely related? • Which are more closely related, the horse and cockroach or horse and elephant?
Binomial Nomenclature • Two word naming system. The first word is the genus. A genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the species. • Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also. • Acer rubrum – Red Maple • Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple
Why do we use Binomial Nomenclature? • Helps avoid mistakes. • Example: Lizards Desert Iguana (Disposaurus doralis) (Seaman) Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana) (Myska)
Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together. • Question: Look at the names of these organisms. Which are more closely related? • Panthera onca jaguar • Lynx rufus bobcat • Panthera tigris tiger • Puma concolor cougar
Gives descriptive information about the species. • Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum is Latin for red. • Allow information about organisms to be easily organized into books, pamphlets, etc.
Question • List, in order, the 7 categories used to classify a single organism?
Dichotomous Keys • Detailed list of identifying characteristics and scientific names • Example: page 26 in textbook
Phyla of the Animal Kingdom • Annelida • Arthropoda • Chordata • Cnidaria • Echinodermata • Mollusca • Nematoda • Porifera
Phylum Annelida • Bilateral symmetry • Uniformly segmented body • Parapodia – fleshy “legs” • Bristles • Examples: earthworms, bristle worms, leeches
Phylum Annelida Bristle Worm (Read)
Phylum Arthropoda Bilateral symmetry Segmented body Hard exoskeleton Jointed legs Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans
Phylum Arthropoda (Sparks, 2007) (NOAA, 2005) (FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)
Phylum Chordata • Bilateral symmetry • Have or had a tail • Notochord • Embryonic gill slits • Examples: vertebrates, sea squirts
Phylum Chordata (Elasmodiver.com, no date) (Fireflower Systems Limited, no date) (Hicker, 2008)
Phylum Cnidaria • Radial symmetry • Ring of tentacles around mouth • Stinging cells • Examples: jellyfish, sea anemones, coral (Muller, 2001)
Phylum Cnidaria (Chpt. 10) (BBC)
Phylum Echinodermata • Five part radial symmetry • Tube feet • Spiny skin • Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata (Zubi, 2005) (Zubi, 2003) (Ditchburn, no date)
Phylum Mollusca • Bilateral symmetry • Have or had a shell • Soft bodied with a muscular “foot” • Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid, octopus
Phylum Mollusca (Huston, no date) (Xylem Elements, 2008) (Zander, 2007)
Phylum Nematoda • Bilateral symmetry • Round, unsegmented body • Cuticle • Example: round worms, hook worms, pin worms
Phylum Nematoda (Myers, 2001)
Phylum Porifera • Asymmetrical or radial symmetry • Have many pores • Made up of a group of cells that have aggregated but do not form tissues • Example: Sponges
(Missouri Botanical Garden, 2002) Phylum Porifera
Follow-up Questions • Sketch an organism with bilateral symmetry and one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of symmetry over your sketch. • Which of the following is an animal? • Mushroom • Spider • Maple tree • Bacteria