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Plant Diversity

Plant Diversity. I. Life A. Taxonomic categories B. Species concept C. General Plant Characteristics D. Plant Evolution II. Major plant groups A. Non- vascular plants B. Vascular plants 1. Spore producing 2. Seed producing. Plantae. A. Taxonomic categories. Domains.

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Plant Diversity

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  1. Plant Diversity I. Life A. Taxonomic categories B. Species concept C. General Plant Characteristics D. Plant Evolution II. Major plant groups A. Non- vascular plants B. Vascular plants 1. Spore producing 2. Seed producing

  2. Plantae A. Taxonomic categories Domains Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus (genera) Species Coniferophyta Coniferophyceae Coniferales Pinaceae Tridentate bracts Pseudotsuga menziesii

  3. triticale wheat rye B. Species concept 1. Biological species Reproductive isolation ‘Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from each other.’ Mayr 2. Morphological species 3. Genetic species • Molecular Systematics • DNA-DNA hybridization Problem with plants • promiscuous • ecotypes/ convergent evolution

  4. 6 CO2 + C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O C. General Plant Characteristics • photoautotrophs Light energy PS: inorganic organic • Chlorophyll a and b • Carotenoids • Starch storage • Cellulose cell walls

  5. Life cycles • Alternation of generations

  6. Life cycles

  7. Waxy cuticle Stomata D. Plant evolution Four major events Invasion of land and air (500 MA) Evolution of vascular tissue (400 MA) Evolution of seeds (350 MA) Phloem Evolution of flowering plants (150 MA) xylem

  8. D. Plant evolution 65 million years ago Cyanobacteria – 3.5 BA Green algae- 800 MA Liverworts- 500 MA Ferns- 375 MA Conifers- 300 MA Flowering Plants- 150 MA Bees- 75 MA

  9. Cooksonia Ordovician beginnings

  10. II. Major plant groups A. Non- vascular plants Green algae Chlorophyta Ecologically diverse Vascular versus non-vascular

  11. Green algae/ land plant connection Embryophytes and Chlorophyta Cellulose, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, 2 flagella same length Embryophytes and Charophyceae Persistent mitotic spindle Embryophytes and Coleochaetales Phragmoplasts, glycolate oxidase, internal reproduction Molecular systematics

  12. Chloro charo coleo embryo charo coleo chloro embryo Possibilities Ancestral vs. derived characters Separate evolution of characters (convergent evolution) Common origin of characters Nodes = last common ancestor (LCA) Cladistic analysis cladogram Principle of parsimony (Occam’s razor)

  13. Liverworts Mosses Bryophyta Heptaophyta A. Non- vascular plants Embryophytes

  14. Moss life cycle Gametangia = antheridia and archegonia homosporous Fig 29.16

  15. B. Vascular plants Xylem and phloem 1. Spore producing Psilotum Vegetative stalks Reproductive stalks Equisetum Club moss:Lycopodium

  16. B. Vascular plants- ferns 1. Spore producing Sori Fronds

  17. Fern life cycle homosporous Fig 29.23

  18. B. Vascular plants-gymnosperms 2. Seed producing a. non-flowering gymnosperms Cycad Ginkgo biloba Ephedra

  19. B. Vascular plants- conifers 2. Seed producing a. gymnosperms (Coniferophyta) Noble fir Western white pine Conifers Monkey puzzle Western redcedar

  20. Pine life cycle heterosporous Fig 30.9 microsporophyll megasporophyll 3 generations in the seed

  21. B. Vascular plants- conifers Record holders Redwood Bristlecone pine Sequoia

  22. Asexual propagation B. Vascular plants Advanced vascular tissue 2. Seed producing b. flowering plants (Anthophyta-angiosperms)

  23. bryophytes pteridophytes progymnosperms gymnosperms angiosperms Cladistics Embryo sac Seeds Secondary xylem and phloem Vascular tissue Embryophytes

  24. bilateral symmetry radial symmetry Evolutionary trends superior ovary inferior ovary 1. Unspecialized to specialized insect pollination 2. Insect to wind pollinated 3. Variable flower parts to few that are definite in number 4. Floral whorls reduced in number 5. Floral parts from free to fused 6. Ovary superior to inferior 7. Radial to bilateral symmetry

  25. B. Vascular plants- monocots 2. Seed producing b. flowering plants (Anthophyta-angiosperms) 1. Monocots 65 k spp

  26. B. Vascular plants- dicots 2. Seed producing b. flowering plants (Anthophyta-angiosperms) 2. Dicots 165 k spp

  27. germ cell Angiosperm life cycle tube cell Double fertilization Microspore mother cells Megaspore mother cells ovules Fig 30.17 ovary

  28. The end

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