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Plant Diversity

Plant Diversity . Chapters 29 and 30. Characteristics of All Plants. Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic autotrophs Alternation of generations. Evolutionary History. Evolved from green algae Charophyceans are closest living relatives Homologous structures provide evidence:

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Plant Diversity

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  1. Plant Diversity Chapters 29 and 30

  2. Characteristics of All Plants • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Photosynthetic autotrophs • Alternation of generations

  3. Evolutionary History • Evolved from green algae • Charophyceans are closest living relatives • Homologous structures provide evidence: • Chloroplasts • Walls with cellulose • Peroxisome enzymes • Flagellated sperm

  4. Adaptations for Land • Preventing water loss • Sporopollenin • Walled spores produced in sporangia • Cuticle • Stomata

  5. Adaptations for Land • Obtaining light,CO2, and nutrients • Apical meristems • Mycorrhizae • Roots & root hairs • Vascular tissue • Phloem • Xylem • Lignin

  6. Adaptations for Land • Defense against herbivores and microbes • Chemical compounds

  7. Four Main Groups of Land Plants • Bryophytes • Pteridophytes • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms

  8. Bryophyta • Simplest land plants- • None have roots, stems, or leaves • Mainly nonvascular

  9. Bryophyta • All have dominant gametophyte generation.

  10. Bryophyta • Liverworts: No stomata • Hornworts: Stomata • Mosses: Have stomata, and very simple vascular tissue.

  11. Bryophyta • Economically important • Sphagnum moss, peat moss • Water retention • Oil spill control • Fuel

  12. Seedless Vascular Plants • Pteridophyta (ferns & horsetails) are main group • Also includes Lycophyta (club mosses)

  13. Seedless Vascular Plants • Sporophyte generation dominant

  14. Seedless Vascular Plants • Evolution of vascular tissue: • Xylem • Tracheids – dead, lignified • Phloem • Allowed increased height

  15. Seedless Vascular Plants • Evolution of leaves

  16. Seedless Vascular Plants • Evolution of roots • Rhizomes

  17. Seedless Vascular Plants • Evolution of sporophylls • Sori • Strobili

  18. Seedless Vascular Plants • Formed first forests • Eventually formed coal burned today

  19. Gametophyte Evolution • Further reduced in seed plants. • Protected in ovules and pollen grains.

  20. Evolution of Heterospory • Megasporangia • Microsporangia

  21. Evolution of Pollen • Avoided need for water • Allowed greater dispersal

  22. Gymnosperms • “Naked” seeds • Include cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers.

  23. Angiosperms • “Container Seed” • Flowers • Fruits • 90% of all plants

  24. Angiosperms

  25. Angiosperms

  26. Angiosperms

  27. Angiosperms

  28. Angiosperms • Coevolution: Pollinators & Flowers

  29. Angiosperms • Four Main Groups: • Basal Angiosperms (.04%) • Magnoliids (3%) • Monocots (28%) • Eudicots (69%)

  30. Monocots vs. Dicots • Cotyledons

  31. Monocots vs. Dicots • Leaf Venation:

  32. Monocots vs. Dicots • Vascular Tissue in Stems

  33. Monocots vs. Dicots • Roots

  34. Monocots vs. Dicots • Flowers

  35. Angiosperms • Importance: • Food • Lumber & Paper • Medicine • Oxygen

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