Imperialism

1. Imperialism A Review of US Empire-Building at the Turn of the 20th Century

2. Hawaii • Treaties signed in 1875 and 1887 guaranteed trade andU.S. rights to Pearl Harbor • Hawaiian sugar was very profitable. • High tariffs on sugar made planters want to be part of US • Annexation opposed by its Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted. • Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but GroverCleveland became president, found it to bewrong, and delayed • McKinley supported Dole and allowed annexation

3. Motivations for Imperialism • In the 1890s, due to rising exports, manufacturing, power, and wealth, US sought overseas markets to sell its goods. • “Yellow journalism” of Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst also influenced overseas expansion • Darwin’s theory of survival-of-the-fittest = United States was the fittest and needed to take over other nations to improve them. (White Man’s Burden) • Such events already were happening, as Europeans had carved up Africa and China by this time. • US sought to prove itself as world power and spread democracy • White Man’s Burden – civilizing the world’s savages

4. Cuba • In 1895, Cuba revolted against Spain, citing years of misrule • America supported Cuba, and the situation worsened when Spanish General came to Cuba to crush the revolt and put many civilians into concentration camps

5. Spark of War • On February 15th of 1898, the U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 260 officers and men. • America was war-mad in part due to HI success and Yellow Journalism and Spain received the blame. • Hearst called down to Cuba, “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the story.” • What really happened was an accidental explosion had blown up the ship • However, on April 11, 1898, the president sent his war message to Congress anyway, since: (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2) America had to defend democracy Spanish-American War begins!

6. Philippines • On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron, and told him to take over the Philippines. • In process, an unsuspecting Guam was also taken into US control • Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the islands from the Spanish. • Dewey had naval control, but he could not storm the islands, so he had to wait for reinforcements • August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and captured Manila, collaborating with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the Spanish rulers. • Aguinaldo fought solely for Filipino independence

7. Treaty of Paris and End of War • America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba • Philippines were a tough problem • McKinley decided to keep the Philippines, b/c it meshed well with business interests and b/c of the White Man’s Burden. • The U.S. paid $20 million for all of the islands. • Uproar & revolt from Filipinos – led by Emilio Aguinaldo • The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed imperialism of America, and members included Mark Twain

8. Puerto Rico/ Cuba Post-War • The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Ricans a form of popular government • In 1917, Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship • U.S. help also transformed Puerto Rico and worked wonders in sanitation, transportation, beauty, and education. • In 1902, the U.S. grants Cuba independence, but it alsoencouraged Cuba to pass the Platt Amendment, which becametheir constitution. • This amendment said that (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, (2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases

9. Open Door Policy • China carved into “spheres of influence” by European powers. • Americans alarmed, businesses feared they would not be able to export to China. • Secretary of State John Hay dispatched Open Door Note, which urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations • This became the “Open Door Policy.” • Russia didn’t accept it at all, but the others did, oncertain conditions

10. Teddy As President • McKinley re-elected in 1900 • 6 mos later, William McKinley assassinated, making Theodore Roosevelt the youngest president ever at age 42. • TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies. • Theodore Roosevelt born rich and graduated from Harvard, he was highly energetic and spirited • His motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” or basically, “Let your actions do the talking.” • Strengthened Presidency

11. Panama Canal • TR felt US needed the creation of a canal through the Central American isthmus. • A Nicaraguan route was one possible place for a canal, but it wasopposed by the French who were eager to build in Panama and salvage something from their costly failure there. Their leader was Philippe Bunau-Varilla. • The U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip ofland in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment to Colombia • Treaty was denied by the Colombian government • TR was furious…

12. continued • On November 3, 1903, revolution in Panama began and when Colombia tried to stop it, the U.S. wouldn’t let the Colombian fleet through. • Panama was thus recognized by the U.S., and fifteen days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French nationality, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty • gave Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 million & opened 1914 • TR didn’t actively plot to tear Panama away from Colombia,but it seemed like it to the public, and to Latin America.

13. Results of Imperialism? • US as a world power • US as world police • US as a neighbor – good or bad, depending upon who you asked! • Weakening of Spain • Anti-Imperialist sentiment from many due to moral and political issues

14. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • Latin American nations like Venezuela and the Dominican Republicwere having a hard time paying their debts to their European debtors, so Britain and Germany decided to send a bit of force to South America to make the Latinos pay. • TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas tocollect debts, they might then stay in Latin America, a blatantviolation of the Monroe Doctrine • He issued his Roosevelt Corollary,which stated that the U.S. would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe, thus keeping Europe away and the Monroe Doctrine intact. • It said in effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S. to protect its own interests

15. Japanese in California • After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and fears of a “yellow peril” arose again – like with Chinese in 1882. • The showdown came in 1906 after the San Francisco earthquake when the city decreed that, due to lack of space, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children should attend a special school. • Instantly, this became an international issue, but TR settled it eventually. • To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleshipfleet, “The Great White Fleet,” around the world for a tour, and it received tremendous salutes, helping relieve tensions. • The Root-Takahira Agreement pledged the U.S. and Japan to respect each other