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Chronic Renal Failure. Du Juan Department of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. Outline. Diagnosis of CRF and Principles of Management of CRF Criteria for CKD Staging and the mechanisms of Clinical Symptoms Pathogenesis. Definition.
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Chronic Renal Failure Du Juan Department of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
Outline • Diagnosis of CRF and Principles of Management of CRF • CriteriaforCKD Stagingandthe mechanisms of Clinical Symptoms • Pathogenesis
Definition Chronic Renal FailureProgressive Reduction in Renal Function Resulting in the Retention of Nitrogenous Substances Uremia Clinical Syndrome Caused by the Retention of Excess Nitrogenous Substances
慢性肾衰竭 • 慢性肾衰竭是慢性肾脏疾病(CKD) 引起的肾功能减退及相关代谢紊乱 和临床症状组成的一组临床综合征
4.Uremia 3.Renal Failure 2. Renal Insufficiency 1. Decreased Renal Reserve 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GFR ( ml/min )
CRF分期 • 肾功能代偿期:GFR 正常50~80%, Scr正常,无临床症状 • 肾功能失代偿期(氮质血症期):GFR 正常20~50%, Scr133~442umol/L,轻微临床症状 • 肾衰竭期:GFR 正常10~20%,Scr 442~707umol/L,较明显临床症状 • 肾衰晚期(尿毒症期):GFR正常10%以下, Scr>707umol/L,明显临床症状
NKF (National Kidney Foundation) • DOQI 1997 (Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative) • K/DOQI 2002 (Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative)
慢性肾脏病(CKD)的定义 • 肾脏损伤(肾脏结构或功能异常) ≥3个月, 可以有或无GFR下降,可表现为下面任何一条: • 病理学检查异常 • 肾损伤的指标:包括血、尿成分异常 或影像学检查异常 • GFR<60ml/min/1.73m2≥3个月,有或无 肾脏损伤证据
Etiology Chronic Glomerulonephritis(慢性肾炎) Diabetes Nephropathy(糖尿病肾病) Renal Damage due to Hypertension(高血压肾损害) Polycystic Kidney Disease(多囊肾) Obstructive Nephropathy(梗阻性肾病)
国外病因排序 • Diabetic Nephropathy (糖尿病肾病 ) • Renal Damage due to Hypertension(高血压肾损害) • Glomerulonephritis (肾小球肾炎 ) • Polycystic kidney Disease(多囊肾 )
Mechanism for Progression of CRF • Intact Nephron Hypothesis (1960 Bricker ) • Trade-off Hypothesis (1972 Bricker) • Glomerular Hyperfiltration Hypothesis (1982 Brenner & Bricker)
发病机制 CRF进行性恶化机制 • 健存肾单位学说 • 矫枉失衡学说 • 三高学说(高灌注,高压力,高滤过)
慢性肾衰进行性恶化机制 健存肾单位减少 肾小球 内“三高” AngⅡ 肾小球 肥大 肾脏硬化、纤维化
尿毒症各种症状的发生机制 • 水、电解质及酸碱失衡 • 尿毒症毒素小分子含氮物质中分子毒性物质 大分子毒性物质 • 肾脏内分泌功能障碍
RiskFactors forProgressiveCRF • Hypertension • Protenuria(Microalbuminuria) • Hyperlipidemia • Hyperglycemia • Malnutrition • Anemia • Smoking • Oldage
ReversibleRiskFactors forAcuteProgressionofCRF • Hypovolemia • Infection • Hypertension • Urinary Tract Obstruction • Nephrotoxic Agents • Heart Failure & Arrhythmia • Stress • Hypercalcemia
Disorder ofSodium and Water Homeostasis • Volume Overload • Edema • Hypertension • Heart Failure • Volume Depletion • Hypotension • Deterioration of Renal Function
Hyperkalemia • GFR<10ml/min,Urine Volume <500ml • Metabolic Acidosis • Drugs • Increased Potassium Intake • Infection • Blood Transfusion • Life-Threatening Arrhythmias • Get Worried when K+>6.5mmol/L
Metabolic Acidosis • Retension of Non-Volatile Acids • Decreased Bicarbonate Regeneration • Decreased Excretion of H+ and NH4+ Increased AG Normal Cl- • CO2CP<15mmol/L Anorexia、Nausea、Vomiting、Fatigue and Weakness、Coma
Calcium and Phosphorous Homeostasis • Hypocalcemia and Hyperphosphatemia • Decreased Excretion of PO43- • Decreased Hydroxylation of Vit D • Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Renal Osteodystrophy • 纤维囊性骨炎 • 肾性骨软化症 • 骨生成不良动力缺失性骨病 • 骨质疏松症 • 透析相关性骨病:透析相关性淀粉样变骨病 • 骨外软组织钙化 Ca×P≥70 → 钙沉积于软组织
Erythropoetin Production • Decrease Epo production • Concurrent Ferrum deficiency is common • Severe Anemia • Treatment: Epo, Fe supplements
Disorders of Organs • Hypertension, Cardiomyopathy, Pericarditis • Gastrointestinal Disorders • RespiratoryDisorders • Neuropathy and Encephalopathy
Diagnosis • HistoryofCKD • Symptoms • Signs • LaboratoryExaminations • Imaging
Principles of Management • 治疗基础疾病及可逆因素 • 延缓CRF的进展 • 治疗并发症 • 肾脏替代治疗
Treatment of Hypertension • Blood Pressure should be controlled to 130/80 mmHg, or lower 125/75 mmHg in patients with proteinuria > 1 g/day • ACE Inhibitor or/and AII Antagonist
抑制 AII药物对肾脏疾病进展的保护作用(一) • 降低系统血压 - 促进肾脏排钠 - 扩张周围血管 • 肾脏血液灌流改善 - 扩张出球小动脉>入球小动脉 • 肾小球内压 、高灌注 、高滤过
抑制AII药物对肾脏疾病进展的保护作用(二) 降低肾小球跨膜压力 控制高血压 降低肾小球内压 减缓肾硬化/纤维化 缓激肽作用? 减少蛋白尿 选择性地降低GBM对大分子物质的通透性
抑制AII药物对肾脏疾病进展的保护作用(三) 肾小球系膜细胞 趋化因子 ECM AII 近曲肾小管上皮细胞 促纤维化 细胞/生长因子 肾间质成纤维细胞
ACEI /ARB临床应用中应注意的问题 • 血肌酐升高 • 高血钾 • 咳嗽
血肌酐升高在2周内开始,2 4周达到平衡,2个月内保持稳定 • SCr升幅<30%为正常反应,勿停药 • SCr升幅>30%~50%为异常反应,提示肾缺血,停药寻找肾缺血病因并设法解除。肾缺血被纠正且SCr恢复正常,则可再用;否则不宜再用
Modulation of Diet • Low-Protein Diet • High Calorie Intake • Low-Phosophate Diet
Recommended Intake of Protein in CRF • GFR >50 ml/min: 0.6-0.8g/kg/d • GFR 10-50 ml/min:0.4- 0.6g/kg/d • GFR <10 ml/min: 0.3-0.4g/d • Hemodialysis: 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg/d • Peritoneal dialysis: 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/d • With supplement of EAA or KA
营养疗法 • 优质低蛋白饮食:提供EAA • 保证高热量的摄入 • 其它:Na,K,低磷,限水
Treatment of Complications • Erythropoietin Therapy for Renal Anemia • Therapy for Renal Osteodystrophy
Renal Anemia • Target Hb 120 ~130g/L HCT 33% ~36%
EPO • 2 ~4个月达目标值 • 方式:推荐皮下注射 • Initial Dose80~120U/kg/W • Common Dose 150 ~200U/kg/W • 4W调整剂量 Hct↑<2% Dose↑50% Hb/Hct↑>3g/dl/8% Dose↓25%
Fe Supplement 转铁蛋白饱和度>20% 血清铁蛋白> 100ng/ml 口服补铁 200mg 静脉补铁 100 ~ 125mg
Renal Osteodystrophy • Diet • Calcium • Phosphorous Binders • α-Vitamin D • Subtotal Parathyroidectomy
Renal Replacement Therapy • Dialysis Scr>707umol/ml HemodialysisPeritoneal Dialysis • Transplantation
If not for hemodialysis, I have had been dying for years!
Renal Transplantation • Living-related Donor or Cadaveric • Immunosuppression to Prevent Rejection • Glucocorticoids • Cyclosporine • Azathioprine • Mycophenolate