Surgical Site Infection SUSP

1. Surgical Site InfectionSUSP Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality Presented by: Elizabeth C. Wick, M.D. and Deborah B. Hobson, R.N.

2. Learning Objectives Understand pathogenesis, monitoring and prevention of SSIs To explore how to implement evidence-based behaviors to prevent SSIs

3. Proportion of Adverse EventsMost Frequent Categories Non-surgical Surgical Brennan. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:370-376

4. Background SSI is the most common nosocomial infection in the surgical patient SSI is the most common complication after colorectal abdominal surgery (3-30%) SSI is associated with increased mortality, length of stay and readmission An SSI costs between $6,200 - $15,000/per patient (superficial-organ space) Smith et al, Ann Surg, 2004 Wick et al, Arch Surg, 2011

5. Pathogenesis of SSI Host Bacteria Procedure

6. SSI Definitions Superficial • purulent drainage from wound • positive wound culture • pain, redness swelling • diagnosis by surgeon Deep • purulent drainage from deep aspect of wound • dehiscence • abscess on exam or CT scan Organ Space • infection in surgical cavity (abdomen)

7. Monitoring: NHSN(CDC-National Healthcare Safety Network) NEW MANDATORY Monitoring: colon and hysterectomy Rate will be risk adjusted based on age and ASA Deep incisional and organ space rates for colon and hysterectomy will be reported to CMS (required for full payment) Data to be transmitted to CMS late 2012, 2013 Hospital specific standardized infection ratios will be generated for colon and hysterectomy http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/FINAL-ACH-SSI-Guidance.pdf

8. Monitoring: NSQIP(National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) Data • Robust preoperative risk factors for risk adjustment • 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity Program • Costs approximately $30K/year; infection only one of many outcomes studied • Requires full time RN dedicated to data collection AND surgeon champion • Includes annual audit by NSQIP and risk adjusted reports • Option to collect all colon and rectal procedures vs. random sample of surgical procedures

9. SCIP Processes to Prevent SSI

10. Does SCIP Give Us Enough information? Johns Hopkins Hospital. May 2010 SCIP, Hospital Compare, www.medicare.gov

11. Johns Hopkins CUSP Experience:Room for Improvement in SCIP Compliance Problem : Penicillin-allergic patients undergoing colorectal surgery were not receiving proper prophylactic antibiotics (Clindamycin and Gentamycin).

12. Antibiotic Compliance ProjectJohns Hopkins Interventions Increased amount of gentamicin available in the room Added dose calculator in anesthesia record Educated surgeons, anesthesia, and nursing in Wick et al, JACS 2012 (in press)

13. Perioperative Antibiotic Compliance:Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative Hendren et al. Am. J Surg 2011

14. Johns Hopkins CUSP Experience:Room for Improvement in SCIP Compliance Problem: Patients arrive in the recovery room with temperature < 36°C despite having a forced air warmer during surgery

15. Normothermia Project Johns Hopkins Interventions Confirmed that temperature probes were accurate (trial comparing foley and esophageal sensors) Initiated forced air warming in the pre-operative area Heightened awareness Wick et al, JACS 2012 (in press)

16. Emerging Evidence for SSI Prevention

17. Emerging Evidence for SSI Prevention Antibiotic Usage • Redosing • Weight based dosing of cephalosporins Maintenance of normogylcemia Utilization of mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics Standardization of skin preparation

18. Additional Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Efficacy Antibiotic Redosing • Maintain therapeutic antibiotic serum levels during entire procedure Consensus Guidelines, in press IDSA/SIS/SHEA/AHPS

19. Hyperglycemia and Infection BACKGROUND: • Hyperglycemia is common in hospitalized patients • 38% of medical and surgical patients had hyperglycemia (26% diabetic and 12% non-diabetic • In cardiac surgery, degree of post-operative hyperglycemia correlates with SSI; adopted as SCIP measures GOAL:Glucose <180mg/dl in all hospitalized patients Ramos. Ann Surg 2008

20. Preparation of the Surgical Site BACKGROUND 1012 Bacteria reside on the skin Staphlococcus and Streptococcus species among others GOAL OF SKIN PREPARATION Reduce bacterial burden on skin prior to incision BEST PRACTICE Dual-agent skin preparation (chlorhexidine + alcohol, providone-iodine +alcohol) Skin prep should include alcohol to increase durability of sterilization Prep should be applied to specification (duration and amount) Prep must dry before incision Darouiche RO et al. N Engl J Med. 2010 Swenson BR et al. Infect Control HospEpidemiol. 2009

21. Bowel Preparation:A Brief History Oral antibiotics for prevention of SSI was first described in the 1940’s 1973 Nichols and Condon FAVORABLE 1974 Washington et al randomized trial FAVORABLE 1990’s-2000’s oral antibiotics fell out of favor in US • Patients not tolerant of preparation (nausea, dehydration) 2002 Lewis et al • Randomized controlled trial • Oral neomycin and metronidazole plus systemic antibiotics vs systemic antibiotics alone (5% neomycin and metronidazole vs 17% placebo) Reviewed in Fry, 2011.

22. Bowel Preparation:A Brief History Rigorous studies of IV antibiotics did not include oral antibiotics 1990’s-2000’s oral antibiotics fell out of favor in US • Patients not tolerant of preparation (nausea, dehydration) • Patients no longer admitted to hospital pre-operatively Lewis et al (2002) • Randomized controlled trial • Oral neomycin and metronidazole plus systemic antibiotics vs systemic antibiotics alone (5% neomycin and metronidazole vs 17% placebo) 2012 • AHPSA guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis endorse use of oral antibiotics with mechanical bowel preparation plus IV antibiotics to prevent SSIs Reviewed in Fry, 2011.

23. Cochrane Review:Oral Antibiotics + Bowel Preparation is Associated with Lowest SSI Rate Nelson Study1 Guenaga Study2 SSI Rate SSI Rate MBP + oral + parenteral MBP - no oral + parenteral MBP + + parenteral No MBP + + parenteral MBP = Mechanical Bowel Preparation 1Guenega, Cochrane Database SystRev,2009 2Nelson, Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2009 Slide adapted fromPatch Dellinger, MD University of Washington

24. Summary of SCIP and Emerging Evidence to Prevent Colorectal SSIs Appropriate prophylactic antibiotics • Selection* • Weight-based dosing of cephalosporins • Timing* • Redosing • Discontinuation* Appropriate hair removal as close to time of surgery as possible* Temperature management* Appropriate glycemic control Dual agent (with alcohol) surgical skin prep Mechanical bowel prep and oral antibiotics *SCIP measures

25. Next Steps Review current colorectal SSI bundles at your hospital (policy and practice) Review hospital process measure data With assembled CUSP team, plan for administration of staff safety assessment

26. Poll Who’s on the call?

27. Poll Does your hospital have a colorectal SSI bundle in place?

28. Poll If your hospital has a colorectal SSI bundle in place, what’s in it?

29. On-boarding Call Evaluation We want to ensure that the on-boarding calls provide useful and pertinent information for the SUSP teams. For this reason we request that you complete a brief evaluation following each call. The evaluation may be found at the following link: https://www.research.net/s/Onboarding_Evaluation