ENE 428 Microwave Engineering

ENE 428Microwave Engineering Lecture 5 Discontinuities and the manipulation of transmission lines problems RS

Review • Transmission lines or T-lines are used to guide propagation of EM waves at high frequencies. • Distances between devices are separated by much larger order of wavelength than those in the normal electrical circuits causing time delay. • General transmission line’s equation • Voltage and current on the transmission line • characteristic of the wave propagating on the transmission line

Wave reflection at discontinuities • To satisfy boundary conditions between two dissimilar lines • If the line is lossy, Z0will be complex.

Reflection coefficient at the load (1) • The phasor voltage along the line can be shown as • The phasor voltage and current at the load is the sum of incident and reflected values evaluated at z = 0.

Reflection coefficient at the load (2) • Reflection coefficient • A reflected wave will experience a reduction in amplitude and a phase shift • Transmission coefficient

Power transmission in terms of reflection coefficient W W W

Total power transmission (matched condition) • The main objective in transmitting power to a load is to configure line/load combination such that there is no reflection, that means

Voltage standing wave ratio • Incident and reflected waves create “Standing wave”. • Knowing standing waves or the voltage amplitude as a function of position helps determine load and input impedances Voltage standing wave ratio

Forms of voltage (1) • If a load is matched then no reflected wave occurs, the voltage will be the same at every point. • If the load is terminated in short or open circuit, the total voltage form becomes a standing wave. • If the reflected voltage is neither 0 nor 100 percent of the incident voltage then the total voltage will compose of both traveling and standing waves.

Forms of voltage (2) • let a load be position at z = 0 and the input wave amplitude is V0, where

Forms of voltage (3) we can show that traveling wave standing wave • The maximum amplitude occurs when • The minimum amplitude occurs when standing waves become null,

The locations where minimum and maximum voltage amplitudes occur (1) • The minimum voltage amplitude occurs when two phase terms have a phase difference of odd multiples of . • The maximum voltage amplitude occurs when two phase terms are the same or have a phase difference of even multiples of .

The locations where minimum and maximum voltage amplitudes occur (2) • If  = 0,  is real and positive and • Each zmin are separated by multiples of one-half wavelength, the same applies to zmax. The distance between zmin and zmax is a quarter wavelength. • We can show that

Ex1 Slotted line measurements yield a VSWR of 5, a 15 cm between successive voltage maximum, and the first maximum is at a distance of 7.5 cm in front of the load. Determine load impedance, assuming Z0 = 50 .

Transmission lines of finite length (1) • Consider the propagation on finite length lines which have load that are not impedance-matched. • Determine net power flow. Assume lossless line, at load we can write

Input impedance (1) Using andgives Using , we have

Input impedance (2) At z = -l, we can express Zin as I. Special case if then II. Special case if then

Quarter wavelength lines It is used for joining two TL lines with different characteristic impedances If then we can match the junction Z01, Z02, and Z03 by choosing Quarter-wave matching

Complex loads • Input complex impedance or loads may e modeled using simple resistor, inductor, and capacitor lump elements For example, ZL = 100+j200  this is a 100  resistor in series with an inductor that has an inductance of j200 . Let f = 1 GHz, What if the lossless line is terminated in a purely reactive load? Let Z0 = R0 and ZL+jXL, then we have that a unity magnitude, so the wave is completely reflected.

Ex2 From the circuit below, find • Power delivered to load

b) If another receiver of 300  is connected in parallel with the load, what is b.1)  b.2) VSWR b.3) Zin b.4) input power

c) Where are the voltage maximum and minimum and what are they? d) Express the load voltage in magnitude and phase?

Ex3 Let’s place another purely capacitive impedance of –j300  in parallel with two previous loads, find Zin and the power delivered to each receiver.

Smith chart • A graphical tool used along with Transmission lines and microwave circuit components • Circumventing the complex number arithmetic required in TL problems • Using in microwave design

Smith chart derivation (1)  plane

Smith chart derivation (2) From define then Now we replace the load along with any arbitrary length of TL by Zin, we can then write

Smith chart derivation (3)

Smith chart derivation (4) We can rearrange them into circular equations,

Normal resistance circle Consider a normalized resistance r = 1, then we have If r = 0, we have so the circle represents all possible points for  with ||  1

Normal reactance circle Consider a normalized resistance x = 1, then we have The upper half represents positive reactance (inductance) The lower half represents negative reactance (capacitance)

Using the smith chart (1) • A plot of the normalized impedance • The magnitude of  is found by taking the distance from the center point of the chart, divided by the radius of the chart (|| = 1). The argument of  is measured from the axis. • Recall we see that Zin at Z = -l along the TL corresponds to Moving away from the load corresponds to moving in a clockwise direction on the Smith chart.

Using the smith chart (2) • Since is sinusoidal, it repeats for • every one turn (360) corresponds to Note: Follow Wavelength Toward Generator (WTG) • Vmin and Vmax are locations where the load ZL is a pure resistance. Vmax occurs when r > 1 (RL > Z0) at wtg = 0.25. Vmin occurs when r < 1 (RL < Z0) at wtg = 0.

Using the smith chart (3) • The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) can be determined by reading the value of r at the  = 0 crossing the constant-|L| circle.

ENE 428 Microwave Engineering