America Claims an Empire

1. America Claims an Empire Chapter 10 U.S. History Mr. Ishmael

2. Section 1: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism. • 2. Describe how the United States acquired Alaska. • 3. Summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian Islands.

3. Main Idea: Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand. Key Terms: Imperialism Pearl Harbor Why it Matters Now: During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959. Key Names: Queen Liliuokalani Alfred T. Mahan William Seward Sanford B. Dole Section 1: Imperialism and America

4. American Expansionism • America had always looked to grow • Leads to imperialism-policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

5. American Expansionism (cont.) • Global Competition: • European countries had been establishing colonies for centuries • Japan, U.S. Spain all examples by late 1800s • Three factors fueled new American imperialism:

6. Desire for Military Strength • Build own military in response to other countries building military • Urged by Alfred T. Mahan • U.S. should build Navy • Leads to U.S. being 3rd most powerful Navy in world

7. Thirst for New Markets • Industrialization led to more technology, leads to more good to consume • Also need new sources of raw materials • Foreign trade a solution • Solves overproduction

8. 0 of 30 Which of the three ideas do you think is the biggest reason why a country would want to become imperialistic? • Desire for military strength • Thirst for new markets • Belief in cultural superiority

9. Belief in Cultural Superiority • Belief in Social Darwinism • Free markets win out • Anglo-Saxons racially superior • Need to spread “civilization” to world’s “inferior people”

10. The US Acquires Alaska: • 1867-U.S. buys Alaska from Russia • Looked at as a joke • Eventually, seen as wise to purchase • Land rich in timber, minerals, and oil

11. U.S. Takes Hawaii • Hawaii economically important • Big sugar producer, which U.S. needs • For years, received sugar with no tariff • Eventually tariffs placed on sugar • Planters plead for annexation to avoid tariffs • Leads to annexation in 1898, statehood in 1959

12. 0 of 30 This is how I feel about how the U.S. acquired Hawaii: • I think they were right to acquire Hawaii the way they did • I can understand why, but don’t agree with how they did it • I don’t agree at all how they acquired Hawaii

13. Section 2: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban revolt against Spain. • 2. Identify events that escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain. • 3. Trace the course of the Spanish-American War and its results

14. American Interest in Cuba • America gets involved in conflict due to imperialism • Cuba • U.S. sugar fields in Cuba • Jose Marti: led independence movement in Cuba against Spain

15. War Fever Escalates • Marti wanted U.S. intervention in fight for independence • Destroyed property, esp. sugar mills • Marti’s actions leads to Spain sending soldiers to Cuba • War fever stirred in U.S.

16. What Built war fever? • Yellow journalism • Exaggerated news to lure readers • I.E. images of war • William Randolph Hurst: “You furnish pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

17. What Built war fever? (cont) • De Lome Letter • Letter written by Spanish minister • Leaked to newspaper • Called Pres. McKinley “weak”

18. What Built war fever? (cont) • U.S.S. Maine • On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana • More than 260 men were killed

19. War Erupts with Spain • Spanish blamed for Maine explosion • Actually fire on Maine that caused explosion • “Remember the Maine” becomes rally cry for intervention in Cuba

20. Two Fronts • Philippines • Spanish colony • Won easily by U.S. • Due to fact Spanish did not think U.S. would attack first

21. Two Fronts (cont.) • Caribbean • Highlights • Began with Naval blockade of Cuba • Roosevelt’s Rough Riders victory at Battle of San Juan • Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

22. Treaty of Paris • The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” • The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba was now independent • U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million

23. Section 3: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Describe the US involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba. • 2. Identify the causes and effects of the Philippine-American War. • 3. Explain the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China. • 4. Summarize the views regarding US imperialism.

24. Main Idea: In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Why it Matters Now: Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations. Section 3: Acquiring New Lands

25. Acquiring New Lands: • Remember, now control Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines • Have to decide how to rule • Puerto Rico wanted their independence • U.S. disagreed • Foraker Act: The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system in Puerto Rico

26. Cuba and U.S. • The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba • The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903 • Key features of “Platt” included • 1. The right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and • 2. The right to intervene in Cuban affairs • Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S.

27. Filipinos Rebel • Filipinos angry at Treaty of Paris • Eventually revolt • Took three years for Americans to put down revolution • U.S. sets up government similar to that in Puerto Rico • Eventually grant independence in 1946

28. Foreign Influence in China • China known as “sick man of Asia” • Many countries had colonial posts there • U.S. wanted to get posts there

29. John Hay’s Open Door Notes • Leaders should share trading rights with U.S. • No single nation would have monopoly on China • Designed so U.S. could furthur trade interests

30. Boxer Rebellion • Group in China who hated foreign outsiders • Began killing missionaries and foreigners • Eventually put down by U.S. led troops

31. Protecting American Rights • Open Door Policy-key components • Exports vital for American economy • U.S. had right to intervene abroad • Closing markets threatened U.S. survival

32. Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains • Imperialism met with opposition • Anti-Imperialist League begun • All agreed it is wrong for U.S. to trade without other countries consent

33. Section 4: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Explain how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world. • 2. Describe how Woodrow Wilson’s missionary diplomacy ensured U.S. dominance in Latin America. • 3. Describe the effects of America’s involvement in the Mexican Revolution.

34. Section 4: America as a World Power Main Idea: The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to America’s military and economic power. Why it Matters Now: American involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in WW I and later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world. Key Terms: Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy Key Names: Francisco “Pancho” Villa Emiliano Zapata John J. Pershing

35. America As A World Power: • Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power • 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize • 2) Construction of Panama Canal

36. The Panama Canal: • By the early 20th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama • It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

37. Building the Panama Canal: 1904-1914 • The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama • America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did • Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-time Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

38. The Roosevelt Corollary: • In 1904, President Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary. • The Roosevelt Corollary said that the US would now use force to protect it’s economic interests in Latin America. • Roosevelt coined the phrase “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” during this time.

39. Dollar Diplomacy • Just like other nations in the world that were practicing imperialism, the US was nervous that other nations would become more powerful. • Dollar Diplomacy –US government loans made to foreign countries (favors) to pay off debt • This allowed us to control others things though (taxes on import and exports) • This helped keep European powers out of the Caribbean because they had US backing.

40. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy: • In 1913, Wilson realized that some countries were coming to power using immoral means. • Prior to Wilson Missionary Diplomacy, the US recognized any government that controlled a nation, regardless of the nation’s policies or how it had come to power. • Wilson felt that these aspiring countries should establish democratic governments. • The Mexican Revolution (to come) was a reaction to this policy

41. The Mexican Revolution: • Mexico had been ruled by a dictator for over 20 years. (Porfirio Diaz) • Diaz had many investments in the US and many US companies owned large shares of oil wells, mines, and railroads in Mexico. • The US investors and the wealthy Mexican businessmen were becoming extremely wealthy. • The common people of the country however were desperately poor.

42. The Mexican Revolution: • Mexico had been ruled by a dictator for over 20 years. (Porfirio Diaz) • Diaz had many investments in the US and many US companies owned large shares of oil wells, mines, and railroads in Mexico. • The US investors and the wealthy Mexican businessmen were becoming extremely wealthy. • The common people of the country however were desperately poor.

43. What Happens Next? • In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers overthrew their dictator. • The leader of the revolt (Madero) was murdered and a new leader took over. (Huerta) • President Wilson refused to recognize the government this new leader formed. • Wilson called it “a government of butchers.” Francisco Huerta

44. Intervention in Mexico: • Wilson decided to watch and wait and see what might happen. • In 1914, the Mexican revolt group arrested a small group of American sailors. • They were released by Wilson wasn’t happy. • He sent in the Marines and killed over 200 Mexicans. (18 Marines died as well) • This brought the US and Mexico close to war. • A new leader (Carranza) eventually took over Mexico and Wilson withdrew his troops.

45. Rebellion in Mexico • Not everyone listened to Carranza. • A group of rebels headed by Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed the Mexican government. • Villa and his men started taking the lives of Americans passing through Mexico (RR’s). • In response, Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing and 15,000 men to capture Villa dead or alive.

46. Chasing Villa • For almost a year Pancho Villa eluded American forces. • Wilson decided to call in the big guns. • He called out 150,000 National Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border. • The Mexicans grew angry over the invasion of their lands. • Caranzza demanded withdrawal of US troops but Wilson refused. • They were on the brink of war….but • Both backed down – Why? • 1. The US was facing war in Europe • 2. Mexico decided to reform their government and help out the nation’s poor.

47. Sum it All Up: What Did America Accomplish During This Time Period? • 1. Expanded it access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. • 2. Built a modern Navy to protect its interests abroad. • 3. Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America.