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IN:. What does ecology mean to you? Draw a picture to give your answer. (No words). Ecology. I. Focus of Ecology. Population - group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area Community - assemblage of populations of different species

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  1. IN: What does ecology mean to you? Draw a picture to give your answer. (No words)

  2. Ecology

  3. I. Focus of Ecology • Population- group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area • Community- assemblage of populations of different species • Ecosystem- all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area • Biosphere- the sum of all the planet’s (biomes) ecosystems; 13 miles of water and air where life exists on our planet

  4. II. Environmental Factors • Abiotic Factors • Nonliving chemical and physical components • Include temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil, periodic disturbances. • Biotic factors • Living components • Food source, interactions

  5. III. Climate and the Biosphere • Global climate and local weather create biomes • Biomes- Communities characterized by a certain climate and types of plants and animals

  6. Precipitation • Coriolis Effect IV. Global Climate Effects • Seasons

  7. If Earth was smooth and had no interactions between land and ocean masses, two very large convection cells would arise between the polar and equatorial regions. • The spinning earth breaks these cells into smaller cells. • Friction with the spinning earth deflects the surface winds (Coriolis effect)

  8. Sketch and label the picture of global wind patterns in your notebook

  9. OUT: Word TentBiosphereEcosystem, PopulationEcology, Biome, Community • Use all the words under the tent in one sentence to show you understand their meaning. (NO DEFINITIONS) Underline the words as you use them. NOTE: You may change the endings and/or use a term more than once.

  10. V. Freshwater Biomes • Lakes • Oligotrophic: deep, nutrient poor • Eutrophic: shallow, nutrient rich • Streams and Rivers • Wetlands-Swamps, bogs, marshes. • Estuaries- area where fresh and saltwater meet

  11. VI. Marine Biomes oceans, seas, salt water • Intertidal Zone = area that is exposed to the air at low tide and underwater at high tide • Pelagic Zone: open water • Neritic Zone • Shallow regions over continental shelves • Most productive region • Oceanic Zone: very deep water past the continental shelves • Benthic Zone • Seafloor • Abyssal zone: benthic region in deep oceans

  12. VII. Terrestrial Biomes • Climate is main determinant. • Gradients are seen with altitude.

  13. VII. Terrestrial Biomes • Types of Biomes • Tropical Forests • Near equator, the richest biome, both in diversity and in total biomass. • May be dry, deciduous, or rain forests. • Grasslands • Temperate grasslands- include the Russian steppes, the South American pampas, and North American prairies. • Savanna- tropical grassland that contains some trees.

  14. VII. Terrestrial Biomes • Deserts- annual rainfall is less than 25 cm • Chaparral- shrub land along some coastal areas. 10-38˚C (50-100˚F) Hot and Dry. Very little precipitation. 30-100 cm • Temperate Deciduous Forests • The climate is moderate • Seasons are well-defined. • Trees have broad leaves. • Leaves turn color, fall off, and die

  15. VII. Terrestrial Biomes • Taiga (Coniferous Forests, Boreal Forests, Temperate Rain Forests) largest land biome, long winters, very cold. 30-85cm • Tundra- about 20 percent of the earth's land surface, 6-10cm of rainfall annually, permafrost. Cold & dry

  16. Ex: Barnacle sp. on the coast of Scotland VIII. Ecosystem Structure • Habitat- where an organism lives • Niche • Role an organism plays in its community • Use of biotic and abiotic factors • Species cannot coexist with identical niches

  17. VIII. Ecosystem Structure • Autotrophic Organisms( PRODUCERS) • Chemoautotrophs • Photoautotrophs • Heterotrophic Organisms (CONSUMER) • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores • Detritivores/Decomposers- feed on detritus (decomposing products of organisms)

  18. IX. Food Webs • The interconnected feeding relationships that exist in nature • A food web shows passage of energy through a community • Food Chain- flow of one pathway

  19. X. Trophic Structure • Trophic Levels- Feeding Levels =organisms that are the same number of steps from the energy input into the system B. Primary Producers • Autotrophs • Photosynthesize to create sugar C. Primary consumers • Herbivores • Use sugar for respiration D. Secondary and tertiary consumers (carnivores)

  20. Ecological Pyramids = a graph of energy relationships in ecosystem

  21. Ecological Efficiency: % of E transferred from one trophic level to the next (5-20%) • Pyramid of Productivity: loss of Energy in trophic levels C. Pyramid of Biomass: shows the amount of biomass (dry weight) in ecosystems D. Pyramid of Numbers: shows the total number of organisms at each level in an ecosystem

  22. Energy Pyramid

  23. Biomass Pyramid *90% less at each level

  24. Numbers Pyramid Robins Grasshoppers Snails Blades of Grass

  25. OUT: Grass - > Mouse -> Cat -> Coyote Suppose 10,000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. What is the total number of energy units lost by the time energy reaches the coyote? a. 90 units b. 990 units c. 9900 units d. 9990 units • 10,000 units in grass • 1000 units in mouse (10,000 X .9 = 9000 lost; 1000 left) • 100 units in cat (1000 X .9 = 900 lost; 100 left) • 10 units left in coyote (100 X.9 = 90 lost; 10 left ) • 10,000 – 10 = 9990

  26. XII. Biotic Interactions • Intraspecific Competition- Between members of same species • Interspecific Competition- Between members of different species • Predation • including parasitism • may involve a keystone species/predator • Competition (intra/inter) • Commensalism • Mutualism

  27. XIII. Biogeochemical Cycles • Water • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorus

  28. XIV. Human Disruption of Cycles • Biological magnification =increasing concentration of pesticide through the food chain • Agriculture • Reduction of Biodiversity • Habitat Destruction • Eutrophication of Lakes • Air Pollution • Greenhouse Effect • Depletion of Ozone (chlorofluorocarbons) • Introducing Exotic Species

  29. P112 • Search INTERNET for diagrams of the WATER, CARBON, and NITROGEN Cycles. Print them and glue onto page (or other sheet) Write a paragraph to explain each cycle (minimum 5 sentences)

  30. XV. Ecological Succession • Transition in species composition over time • Primary • Begin in lifeless area • No soil • Ex : volcanic activity or retreating glacier • Secondary • Existing community has been cleared by some disturbance • Leaves the soil intact • Ex: Fire, farming

  31. XVI. Biodiversity • Too much or not enough disturbance reduces biodiversity. • Patchiness creates biodiversity and overall stability.

  32. XVII. Support for Biodiversity • 25% of all medical prescriptions from plants • Genetic variability • Aesthetic and ethical reasons

  33. XVIII. Conservation Biology • Evolutionary/ecological view • Natural systems result from millions of years of evolution • Ecosystem processes are necessary to maintain the biosphere • Preservation: setting side select areas as natural and underdeveloped • Resource conservation: manage public lands for “multiple use” • Bioremediation: use of living organisms to detoxify polluted systems

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