1 / 24

Smart-Grid in Indian Context

Smart-Grid in Indian Context. Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madras ashok@tenet.res.in. Indian Context. Euro1 = Rs65. As India’s Economy continues to grow. India’s average GDP growth during 2006-09: 8.6% Yet per capita income dismally low at Rs 46,500 last year

kass
Download Presentation

Smart-Grid in Indian Context

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ICT Empowered Grid Smart-Grid in Indian Context Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madrasashok@tenet.res.in

  2. ICT Empowered Grid Indian Context

  3. ICT Empowered Grid Euro1 = Rs65 As India’s Economy continues to grow • India’s average GDP growth during 2006-09: 8.6% • Yet per capita income dismally low at Rs 46,500 last year • 7% world’s GDP: economy fourth-largest in world in PPP terms • Increasing demand for energy from a low base • energy production just 4% of and consumption only 5% of world’s • But affordability is the key • solutions that sell in india has to be at Indian prices

  4. ICT Empowered Grid India’s Fuel-wise Generation-Capacity (MW) • Generation capacity continues to increase • Keeping pace with country’s rapid (8 to 9%) economic growth

  5. ICT Empowered Grid Dominant Fuel Sources • Coal: good for base-load • significant domestic reserves • proven reserves of 105 billion tonnes • could last 200 years at current level of production • Not good for environment • Natural gas share up from 4.4% to 10% in last 15 years • emit half as much CO2 per kWh as compared to coal-based plants • Hydroelectric potential of 600 billion kWh per annum • Capacity of 148.7 GW • only 23% realised so far • High initial costs and developmental risks • Nuclear: small

  6. ICT Empowered Grid Renewable Energy sources (RES) • High Potential: Achievements small • perennial energy source • lower reliance on imported fossil fuels • lower CO2 emissions • By 2012 to go up to 23,476 MW • Wind power to contribute 74% • Amongst five largest in world • Constraint: High Initial Cost

  7. ICT Empowered Grid Power Supply Shortage • Even Plant Load Factor have also continued to increase along with generation • Plant load factor still low • India’s Per-Capita yearly Electricity Consumption is only 704.4 kWh as opposed to world average of 2,752 kWh Availability far behind Requirements • Meerut, barely 50 Kms form Delhi, has 12 hour power-cuts in summer months • Most of 600000 villages connected • 17% villages unconnected • Over 60% have power for 4 to 10 hours • Quite a few for less than 4 hours a day

  8. ICT Empowered Grid Euro1 = Rs65 But average deficit is deceiving • As evident from the fluctuating prices at Power Markets • Day variation of Rs 2000 to 4500 per MWh • Prices varies from Rs 2000 to 12000 per MWh in one week • Huge power shortage during peak hours

  9. ICT Empowered Grid Towards solutions For India’s energy problem

  10. ICT Empowered Grid Transmission and Distribution Losses • Varies between 20% to 45% • Average in between 30 to 35% • Combination of leakage and losses • Requires technology and processes to plug this • Transmission Losses are indeed measured in real time • Reasons for losses can be figured out • Measure power at distribution transformer output line as well as the consumer-meters in real time? • An unusual difference implies something is wrong • Requires electronic meters with communications • Indian homes uses mechanical meters: cost reasons

  11. ICT Empowered Grid Yes, there is huge energy saving potential • Known technologies could result in huge electrical power savings • Constraints • Low affordability in the nation • High Investment on new appliances, better processes • Today’s estimated saving potential: 183.5 billion kWh Require newlow costsolutions

  12. ICT Empowered Grid Why continue to use AC appliances? • Lighting • LEDs, 10 to 100 times more efficient as compared to tungstenbulb, use only DC power • CFL is neutral to AC or DC power • Motor: a small DC motor can be 2.5 tomes more energy efficient as compared to a AC motor • Historically brush replacement needed – but not anymore • A fan is primarily a motor – a dc fan also allows better speed control • A refrigerator is essentially a motor • An air-conditioner is primarily a motor • A washing-machine / grinder is a motor • Electronics: all electronics (mobiles/TV/Computers) use low voltage DC • Need a ac/dc power adaptor to charge • World switched to AC primarily for transmission of power • Any ac / dc conversion or vice-versa implies 7 to 15% losses Has time come to switch back – at least at customer’s premises?

  13. ICT Empowered Grid Sun shines brightly over India • India can certainly use solar energy, as capital goods prices fall • Solar photo-voltaic provides DC power for about six hours a day • Rs 100 per Wh capital cost: with 10% interest and payback in 20 years, amounts to Rs 12 per year(not computing costs of land) • Costs a little over Rs 7.25 / kWh assuming 10% losses • As opposed to Rs 3 to 5 per kWh for grid power • If not used immediately, would require feeding to grid • dc to ac conversion loss + grid T&D losses • Expensive energy being wasted • Or Energy Storage Systems • Just like several other renewable energy solutions like wind-power, power from ocean-waves • Off-grid (local usage) in day-time would make a lot of sense Euro1 = Rs65

  14. ICT Empowered Grid Euro1 = Rs65 Energy Storage • Batteries are expensive proposition for back-up • Lead acid battery: 1500 cycles if operated between 60 to 100% capacity • 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs16.3/ kWh assuming single charge / discharge per day • Assuming Rs 6000 per kWh battery and 10% interest rate • Li Ion battery: 5000 cycles if operated between 10% to 90% capacity • 1 kWh back-up will cost Rs 20 per kWh assuming single charge per day • Assuming Rs 25000 per kWh battery and 10% interest • Solar requires different kind of storage • Storage price must work out to be small compared to solar generation • At current prices, it hardly makes sense • Alternative: Can energy be stored in any other way • Say in form of ice and to be used for cooling • Current costs much less than that of electrical battery

  15. ICT Empowered Grid When do the demand peak in India? Sept 23rd • Depends on which time of year? • There are two peaks: • Day: 11 am to 4 pm • Evening: 7 pm to 11 pm • Evening peak is worst most of the year • Homes/ shops add to late office hrs • Day peak can be bad in Summer months • Air Con is significant load May 19th May 2nd Feb 9th June 6th

  16. ICT Empowered Grid Decentralized Solar PV • Would be ideal in day time • To complement grid • Direct usage in offices / shopping malls can reduce the day time peak load requirement to a considerable extent • Some coupling to ice-battery (charged during off-peak hours) • Makes economic sense today, provided there is space for solar PV installation • Some solar PV / solar thermal feeding to grid would be helpful • What about evening peak loads? • Solar can not help here • Reducing load by enhancing efficiency • Reducing consumptions by introduction of time of day metering • Using some storage (electrical / ice-battery – charged during 5 PM to 7 PM)

  17. ICT Empowered Grid Some scenarios reduce consumption of substantial quantities of diesel, kerosene, furnace oil

  18. ICT Empowered Grid Euro1 = Rs65 What are the options when power fail? • Power-Sources: • Grid: Rs 5 per kWh: ram-bharose (as per god’s will) • Diesel generator: Rs 17 per kWh when diesel is subsidized visavis petrol, when generator runs at 80% efficiency: instantaneous • Costs will go over Rs 25 per kWh without subsidy • Primary use today in organizations / offices • Solar PV: Rs 7.50 per kWh when dc is used: day six hours • Electrical battery back-up: storage costs over Rs 15 per kWh • Ice-storage: ? • Usage • Electrical Load: lighting, motor and electronics • Cooling Load • What should one use when? How to optimize? • What to optimize? – costs, energy consumption, CO2

  19. ICT Empowered Grid Simulations

  20. ICT Empowered Grid Rural Cellular Base Stations • Remote Base-stations providing communications • Electrical grid is off for 16 to 20 hours • Primary operation costs for operators: diesel costs • How to use battery back-up, diesel generator and solar power optimally to operate the base station? • Will ice-battery help? Certainly! • Can we save energy at base station? • Especially energy needed for cooling • Will DC motors (for exhaust fans) and LEDs help?

  21. ICT Empowered Grid Solar PV for Rural Schools • Rural Schools are used only during day time • Primarily fan, some light and some electronics • Solar PV with a small battery (grid-connected) would be a great solution • When sun-light is poorer, it is cooler and fan usage is lower • Why not use dc fans? • Why not use LEDs / CFL • What should be DC line voltage? • 48V: Losses in line a consideration • What will be dc-dc conversion losses?

  22. ICT Empowered Grid Urban Office • Primarily used in day time • Solar PV can play a major role • Complimenting electrical grid • Use of dc fans, lighting electronics will help • What should be line voltage? Will the losses be high? • What will be losses in dc-dc conversion? • Will ice-battery play a major role? • charged during off-peak early hours • How to reduce evening loads? • Can offices start early and shut early? • Today many start only around 9:30 am and continue till after 8 PM • Adding to evening loads – ac and lighting? • Can we change practice from 8 am to 6 PM?

  23. ICT Empowered Grid Smart-grids for India • Has to do much more than what is done elsewhere • Smart-grids in India is to be used to • Reduce Distribution losses • Enable decentralized power-generation and optimize usage • Explore alternate methods of storage, including storage of heat (cool) • Handle peak-demand better • Manage demand and supply to meet creatively at all points of time, by using storage and high-cost instantaneous power-sources • At local level • At neighborhood level • At district level, at state level, at national level • Intelligently decide where to do load shedding if no other options • enable time of day metering with remote monitoring

  24. ICT Empowered Grid Smart-grids and efficient appliances • Possible to come up with new low cost appliances • Help increase usage efficiency and reduce wastage • Come with new devices and appliances, may be dc powered • Come up with better methods of cooling / heating and cooling / heating locally if required • Figure out where dc can be used • what should be the DC line-voltage • Always watch for costs / investments required • Smart-grids must help India move away from coal and oil to renewable resources as its economy grows

More Related