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MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01. Candace Genest, Ph.D. January 26, 2011. Behavioral Approaches: Learning, Incentive, & Hedonism. Chapter 6: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, & Observational Learning Chapter 7: Incentive Motivation Chapter 8: Hedonism & Sensory Stimulation.

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MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

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  1. MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01 • Candace Genest, Ph.D. • January 26, 2011

  2. Behavioral Approaches:Learning, Incentive, & Hedonism • Chapter 6: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, & Observational Learning • Chapter 7: Incentive Motivation • Chapter 8: Hedonism & Sensory Stimulation

  3. Chapter 6 • Pavlov (1960)- classical conditioning • CS - bell • UCS - meat powder • CR / UCR - salivation • Extinction, experimental neurosis

  4. Classical Conditioning (continued) • John Watson & Rosalie Rayner (1920) • Fear of loud noise / white rat • Generalization to other furry obj. • Liddell (1954) • sheep & goats • neurosis w/ difficulty of task • generalized; maladaptive bx

  5. Elimination of Behavior • Extinction or Counterconditioning • Negative CS (neg bx) paired with strongly positive UCS (relax) • UCR - old = anxiety • UCR - new = relaxation • Wolpe (1958, 1973) • Systematic desensitization

  6. Classical Conditioning(Continued) • Interoceptive Conditioning • CS, UCS, or both applied directly to internal organs or mucosa • 1. intero-exteroceptive - CS internal; UCS external • 2. intero-interoceptive - CS & UCS internal • 3. extero-interoceptive - CS external; UCS internal

  7. Interoceptive Conditioning (Cont.) • 1. usually unaware of interoceptive conditioning when it occurs • 2. Cannot be avoided • 3. more resiliant than external cond. • 4. links to psychosomatic med

  8. Aversive Conditioning • Garcia & Koelling (1966) • noisy, bright water - foot shock • taste - illness • Seligman (1970) - continuum of assoc. • prepared - quickly & easily learned • unprepared - learned w/ # pairings • contraprepared - cannot be learned

  9. Interference • Progressive Muscle Relaxation & Guided Imagery • Can interfere with conditioned aversions / reactions in chemo patients

  10. Operant Conditioning • Thorndike (1913) - Law of Effect • consequences of response strengthen connection b/w response and stim • Skinner (1938) • Reinforcement - strengthens not the connection, but the response itself

  11. Reinforcement / Punishment

  12. Quantity • Crespi (1942) • Initially - larger rewards = better performance • Switch - smallest performs best • Long-term - common reward leads to same level of performance • More intense or vigorous, but not greater persistence

  13. Quality • Simmons (1924) - various foods 2 rats • Performed better for tastier treats

  14. Contrast • History / Experience: determines reaction to a given reward / reinforcer • Positive Contrast: small reward performs better when switched to med. • Negative Contrast: large reward performs worse when switched to med.

  15. Types of Reinforcers • Primary - inherently rewarding (i.e., food) • Secondary - conditioned • Generalized conditioned - money, tokens

  16. Classical-Operant Interactions • Miller (1948) • “taught” rats to avoid shock and learn responses to escape shock • Conditioned Emotional Responses CER • food on schedule • tone/shock interferes with learned bx

  17. Learned Helplessness(Demotivation) • Martin Seligman (1975, 1976) • Dogs fail to avoid shock when they have “learned” that it is unavoidable • Symptoms: • Passivity / Learned Laziness • Ret. of Learning(Associative) • Somatic Effects - Less competitive • Reduction over time

  18. Cause / Prevention • Control • Trauma in itself does not lead 2 helplessness if some control

  19. Observational Learning (Modeling) • Vicarious or Social Learning • (Bandura, 1969, 1971, 1977) • Modeling - observation • Ability to symbolically represent • Foresee consequences & alter bx • Regulate bx internally (self-reinf.) • Compare to self & others

  20. Modeling (Cont.) • Attention - obs., exposure, attraction • Retention - verbal & imaginal memory • Reproduction - seq. & approximate • Vicarious Reinforcement - strengthen or weaken inhibitions re: bx based on observed consequences

  21. Aggression • Modeling - copycat threats and bx; Bobo doll experiments • Classical Conditioning - Pain/Aggression Link (aggr. stimuli) • Operant Conditioning - Praise or act itself reinforcing

  22. Sexual Motivation • Learning important aspect of sexual bx • Sexual values taught by society

  23. Puzzles: Harlow • Daniel Pink Drive 2009 • Monkeys solved puzzles w/out observation, training, or “rewards” • Internal drive - food, water, etc. • External drive - rewards, punishm. • Third drive - ?? Intrinsic reward

  24. Deci: Soma Puzzle • Curiosity - continued to motivate bx • With reward - worked harder • Over time - unpaid continued 2 b curious; paid spent less time when reward taken away • Rewards had a negative effect in the LT

  25. Quality of Product • Microsoft Encarta vs. Wikipedia?

  26. Chapter 7Incentive Motivation

  27. Chapter 8Hedonism & Sensory Stimulation

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