Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

1. Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

2. Defining Motivation, and a Model • Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions • Model of motivation • Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive • Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst); activates a response • Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a goal • Goal: Target of motivated behavior

3. Incentive Value • Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need

4. Fig. 10-1ab, p. 321

5. Fig. 10-1 (photo), p. 321

6. Types of Motives • Biological motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs that must be met to survive e.g., hunger, thirst • Stimulus motive: Needs for stimulation and information; appear to be innate, but not necessary for survival • Learned motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals e.g., blogging

7. Homeostasis • Steady state of body equilibrium; balance

8. Circadian Rhythms • Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day • Pre-adaptation: Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian rhythm change • e.g., trying to adjust to new time zone to avoid jet lag • Melatonin: Hormone produced by pineal gland in response to light (production suppressed) and dark (production increased)

9. Jet Lag • Disturbed body rhythms caused by rapid travel east or west • Major time shifts (5 hours or more) can cause very slow adaptation • Direction of travel affects adaptation, and thus, severity of jet lag • Much easier to go east to west than west to east

10. Fig. 10-2, p. 322

11. Fig. 10-3, p. 323

12. Hunger • Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar • Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior • Feeding system: Area in the lateral hypothalamus that, when stimulated, initiates eating • Satiety system: Area in the ventromedial hypothalamus that terminates eating

13. Fig. 10-4, p. 324

14. Paraventricular Nucleus • Located in the hypothalamus; keeps blood sugar levels steady by starting and stopping eating

15. Fig. 10-5, p. 324

16. More on Eating Behavior • Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the brain that initiates eating; works on paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eating • Set point: Proportion of body fat that is maintained by changes in hunger and eating; point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight

17. Fig. 10-6, p. 325

18. Fig. 10-7, p. 325

19. The Final Word on Eating Behavior • Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that inhibits eating • External eating cues: Signs and signals linked with food

20. Taste • Taste aversion: Active dislike for a particular food • VERYdifficult to overcome • Bait shyness: Unwillingness or hesitation by animals to eat a particular food

21. Behavioral Dieting • Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvation • Some keys • Start with a complete physical • Exercise • Be committed to weight loss

22. Behavioral Dieting (cont) • Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart of daily progress • Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your plate • Avoid snacks • Learn to weaken personal eating cues

23. Video: Weight Control

24. Fig. 10-8, p. 326

25. Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa • Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins • Control issues seem to be involved • Very difficult to effectively treat • Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females • About 10% are male

26. p. 330

27. Video: Anorexia Nervosa

28. Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa • Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives • Difficult to treat • Prozac and Zoloft approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa • Affects more females than males • About 25% are male

29. Table 10-1, p. 330

30. Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa • Anorexics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is true • Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics with perfect control • Anorexics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight • Treat with cognitive-behavioral techniques

31. Thirst • Extracellular thirst: When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body • Intracellular thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell • Best satisfied by drinking water

32. Pain Avoidance • An episodic drive • Occurs in distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur

33. p. 332

34. Sex Drive • Sex drive: Strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior • Estrus: Changes in sex drives in animals, which creates a desire for sex; females in heat • Estrogen: A female sex hormone • Androgens: Male hormones • Non-homeostatic drive: Independent of bodily need states or physical deprivation cycles

35. Stimulus Drives • Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input • Arousal: Activation of the body and nervous system

36. Yerkes-Dodson Law • If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance • Arousal theory: Assumes people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal • Sensation seeking: Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation

37. Fig. 10-10, p. 333

38. Fig. 10-11, p. 335

39. Test Anxiety • High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance

40. How to Cope With Test Anxiety • Preparation • Relaxation • Rehearsal • Restructuring thoughts

41. Learned Motives • Opponent-process theory: Strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state; strength of both emotional states changes over time • Social motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture

42. Fig. 10-12, p. 336

43. Some Needs • Need for achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some internal standard of excellence • Need for power: Desire to have social impact or control over others

44. Abraham Maslow and Needs • Hierarchy of human heeds: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will influence your behavior to a greater degree

45. Maslow’s Needs • Basic needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy • Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs • Love and belonging • Need for esteem and self-esteem • Growth needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-actualization • Meta-needs: Needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

46. Fig. 10-13, p. 338

47. Types of Motivation • Intrinsic motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity • Extrinsic motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors

48. p. 340

49. p. 340

50. Emotions • State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings • Adaptive behaviors: Aid our attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions • Physiological changes (in emotions): Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses