Chapter 21 Civil War 1861-1865

1. “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.” Lincoln, 1862 Chapter 21 Civil War 1861-1865

2. Causes • North outraged by Fugitive Slave Act • Debate over slavery in the new territories escalates • South fears the North will gain too much power in Congress 3. Lincoln elected President 4. Southern states secede 5. Confederates fire on Fort Sumter

3. I. Peninsula Campaign Battle of Bull Run: July 21,1861 1. Virginia, “military picnic” 2. 1st of the battles. 3. Treaded as a sporting event. 4. Important psychological, political effects

7. “Tardy George” McClellan, Union Gen. 1. Overcautious, slow 2. Referred to Lincoln as a “baboon” 3. Militaristic 4. Goal: capture Richmond, VA

9. 5. Some Union forces diverted to fight “Stonewall” Jackson near capitol. 6. Union is surrounded after 7 Days Battle by Confederate Robert E. Lee and pushed back to sea. 7. Campaign abandoned by Union. 8. Lincoln begins drafting the Emancipation Proclamation The rebels.. “cannot experiment for ten years trying to destroy the government and if they fail come back into the Union unhurt.”

11. New Union Strategy • Suffocate: blockade of coasts • Liberate slaves undermining economic foundation • Split Confederacy in 2 by seizing Mississippi • Chop by sending forces through Georgia & Carolinas • Capture Richmond • Destroy enemies strength

12. 2nd Battle of Bull Run • Crushing defeat for union forces by Lee • Boldly thrushes into Maryland to seduce border state from Union

13. Antietam: Turning Point 1. September 17,1862, Maryland 2. Decisive, bloody battle 3. Confederate side near victory, but North halts Lee by finding battle plans 4. Tardy George removed. 5. Victory need to launch Lincoln’s Emancipation

17. Emancipation Proclamation 1. Issues Jan. 1, 1863 – only freed slaves behind Confederate lines 2. No chance of negotiation now 3. War tactic 4. Blacks allowed enlistment into the Army (by end 10% of forces)

19. Lee’s Last Lunge @ Gettysburg 1. July 1-3, 1863 2. Lee marches further into Pennsylvania 3. Picket’s Charge: Confederate General to surge through and defeat the Union but it was not successful. 4. Union Victory

23. The Gettysburg Address Nov. 19, 1863 • Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. • Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here. • It is rather for us the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

24. II. Western Campaign Ulysses S. Grant, Union General 1. Background a. West Point graduate b. Alcoholic c. Failed business ventures 2. Lincoln’s decision for General a. Victor in the West b. Won Tennessee c. Vicksburg: July 4, 1863, wins control of Mississippi River – all hopes of foreign aid lost for South

26. III. Southeastern Campaign Union General William “Tecumseh” Sherman 1. Captured Atlanta, GA 1864 2. Total War policy a. Destroyed all supplies & rails. b. Destroyed morale of the men. 3. Seized Savannah, GA for Lincoln 4. Burned Columbia, SC 5. Well into NC by war’s end “War… is all hell.” “make Georgia howl.”

29. Sherman’s March to the Sea

32. Election of 1864 1. Republicans- Lincoln/Andrew Johnson VP. 2. Democrats-party split into 3 branches, - Peace Democrats: didn’t support Lincoln -extreme Copperheads: openly obstruct war -War Democrats: supported Lincoln. 3. Lincoln temporarily joins with War Democrats to form Union Party. 4. Late Union victories in battle at helped seal Lincoln’s victory.

34. IV. Wilderness Campaign 1. Late 1864, ferocious battles in VA 2. Surrender: April 9, 1865: Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. 3. General Lee and General Grant 4. Confederates were allowed to keep horses for spring plowing.

37. General Lee General Grant

38. Lincoln’s Assassination 1. 4 Days after war ends 2. Ford’s Theater in Washington 3. Killed by John Wilkes Booth

42. Aftermath of War 1. 1 million casualties, over 600,000 dead 2. Cost $15 billion 3. States rights movement crushed. 4. 13th amendment passes abolishing slavery without compensation to slave owners. 5. South destroyed.