Guidance on Measurement

1. Guidance on Measurement Elaboration and Examples

2. Central principle of C and GHG accounting Emissions rate = “Activity” ☓ “Emission factor”

3. Central principle of C and GHG accounting What is being done Emissions rate = “Activity” ☓ “Emission factor” • E.g. • Area being planted to trees • Amount of fertilizer applied • Number of dairy cattle

4. Central principle of C and GHG accounting What is being done Emission per unit of activity Emissions rate = “Activity” ☓ “Emission factor” • E.g. • Area being planted to trees • Amount of fertilizer applied • Number of dairy cattle • E.g. • Growth rate for 5-20 yr poplar • N2O emission per unit N applied • Enteric CH4 emission for lactating females

5. Stratification Activities are stratified (subdivided) according to factors that most affect GHG emission rates/C sequestration rates Example for soil C stock changes Cropland area is subdivided by: type of vegetation (grass vs crop), relative productivity (fertilized vs non-fertilized), plant residues (removed vs retained), tillage type (intensity of soil disturbance) etc.

6. Example – factors determining soil C change Variables in stock change factors Vegetation type Productivity Residue management Manure additions Soil type Drainage Tillage CO2 C inputs C losses Soil C stocks

7. Stratification • Activities are stratified (subdivided) according to factors that most effect GHG emission rates/C sequestration rates • The factors used to stratify activities (e.g. subdivide land area) are reflected in the values of the emission factors

8. Simple example - Stock change factors for soil C Δsoil C stocks = f (SOCref, Flu, Fi, Fm) for different climate and soil types Values for Fm in Simple Assessment

9. Impact of Method used on stratification of activity data Simple assessment • Emission & stock change factors are default values supplied by the tool (cannot be changed) • Therefore, the stratification requirements for activity data are already defined! Thus the only data needed for GHG estimates are the stratified activity data (i.e., the area associated with each specified management system). But stratification needs to be consistent with the default factor definitions!

10. Collecting Activity Data Participatory Rural Appraisal Most accurate and comprehensive Requires good sampling design Can be expensive

11. Collecting Activity Data Participatory Rural Appraisal Most accurate and comprehensive Requires good sampling design Can be expensive Remote sensing Appropriate for land cover changes (e.g. afforestation area change) Most management activities cannot be remotely-sensed

12. Collecting Activity Data Participatory Rural Appraisal Most accurate and comprehensive Requires good sampling design Can be expensive Remote sensing Appropriate for land cover changes (e.g. afforestation area change) Most management activities cannot be remotely-sensed Aggregate provincial/district statistics, practice recommendations, expert knowledge E.g. crop area statistics, yields, fertilizer sales, etc. Information needs to be ‘disaggregated’ to apply to project area (often needs ‘expert’ knowledge)

13. Impact of Method used on stratification of activity data Simple assessment • Emission & stock change factors are default values supplied by the tool • Therefore, the stratification requirements for activity data are already set! Detailed assessment • Emission & stock change factors can be changed to project- or region-specific values. • Project- or region-specific values need to be measured • Activity data may be stratified differently to coincide with the project-specific emission (or stock change) factors!

14. Define project boundaries Stratify project area Determine which stock and/or emission factors to measure Determine type, number and location of measurements Estimate and apply new factors For the Detailed Assessment, you can estimate your own emission or stock factors using measurements General procedure for project-specific determination of stock and emission factors Modified from Pearson et al. – Winrock Guide

15. Define project boundaries Stratify project area Determine which stock and/or emission factors to measure Determine type, number and location of measurements Estimate and apply new factors • Common strata • Land use (cropland, agroforestry, etc). • Management system • Vegetation type (forest species, crop) • Soil type • Drainage • Terrain (e.g. steep, flat) Modified from Pearson et al. – Winrock Guide

16. Define project boundaries Stratify project area Determine which stock and/or emission factors to measure Determine type, number and location of measurements Estimate and apply new factors • Selection criteria • What are the main C pools/fluxes ? • Capacity ? • Cost ? Modified from Pearson et al. – Winrock Guide

17. Define project boundaries Stratify project area Determine which stock and/or emission factors to measure Determine type, number and location of measurements Estimate and apply new factors • Measurement design • Variability in the target attribute (e.g., tree biomass stocks, tree growth rates, soil C stocks) • Desired precision in the measurement Modified from Pearson et al. – Winrock Guide

18. Example: Biomass C Losses from Deforestation Ldf = A * (Bwp – Bwr) * (1+R) * CF *CO2-C • 1) Forest area was stratified into two species/age groups • Pines – 2000 ha • Hardwoods – 1000 ha 2) Determine your sample requirements a) Get preliminary estimate of mean biomass and variability for these types of forests - from literature or forest statistics - from a few preliminary plot measurements Pines: mean = 100 t C/ha, SD = 15 t C/ha Hardwoods: mean = 80 t C/ha, SD = 25t C/ha

19. Example: Biomass C Losses from Deforestation 2) Determine your sample requirements b) plot numbers needed for desired precision n = [(t * SD)/(m * p)]2 n – number of plots t – ‘t statistic’ (use t=2 for 95% CI) m - mean SD – standard deviation p – desired precision (e.g. use 0.1) Pines: mean = 100 t C/ha, SD = 15 t C/ha Hardwoods: mean = 80 t C/ha, SD = 25t C/ha How many plots needed for each forest type? 9 plots for the pines, 39 for the hardwoods

20. Example: Biomass C Losses from Deforestation 3) Establish plots random vs gridded permanent (fixed location) plot size and shape • 4) Make measurements • typical tree measurements – diameter, height, crown • density, etc. • For C inventory, use allometric equations to convert • to biomass • e.g. biomass per tree = f (dbh, height, basal area)

23. Ldf = A * (Bwp – Bwr) * (1+R) * CF *CO2-C 5) Estimate per tree biomass for each plot and sum biomass total for each plot 6) Compute mean and SD and apply expansion factor to scale from plot size to per ha e.g. plot size = 100 m2, expansion factor = 100 7) Convert biomass units to C (e.g. default factor=2) 8) You’ve now derived your site specific value for ‘Bwp’ !

24. Sources for Measurement and Monitoring Methods

25. Example protocols and guidance provided in the Measurement component of the CBP system

26. General guidance designed for GEF projects

27. General Sources for Measurement and Monitoring Methods

28. More Questions? Obrigado!