Research Methods for the Theatre

Research Methods for the Theatre Department of Theatre and Dance University of Mary Washington

Research Methods I. Developing a research topic and thesis statement II. Forming a search strategy III. Identifying, Locating and Evaluating information sources

Developing a Research Topic • A clearly defined research topic is the first step in successful research. • Can develop your research topic into a thesis statement.

Research Topic vs.Thesis Statement • Research Topic • Statement of research subject • Thesis Statement • Completed after research • Statement includes research subject, how you are going to prove or disprove your research subject, and brief indication of findings.

Research Topic vs. Thesis Statement • For a fashion history paper • Topic Statement: • Within the institution of slavery in America from 1770-1865 there existed a social hierarchy among slaves manifest in the different quality of clothing of each caste. • Thesis Statement: • Within the institution of slavery in America from 1770-1865 there existed a social hierarchy among slaves manifest in the different quality of clothing of each caste. An investigation of the clothing worn by slaves at the Ballyman Plantation illustrates each segment of the social hierarchy, suggesting a sartorial rigidity as defined as those of the plantations non-slaves.

Research Topic vs. Thesis Statement • For a fashion history paper • Topic Statement: • At the end of the 18th century in Europe, the foppish style of the effeminate Macaronis fell out of favor as men like Beau Brummell standardized a new style, commonly known as ‘dandyism’, which primarily focused on the art of dressing impeccably. • Thesis Statement: • At the end of the 18th century in Europe, the foppish style of the effeminate Macaronis fell out of favor as men like Beau Brummell standardized a new style, commonly known as ‘dandyism’, which primarily focused on the art of dressing impeccably. This paper examines the history of the English and French 19th century dandy with a particular emphasis upon how they dramatically altered fashion while challenging the concepts of male vanity and social class., ultimately leading to a new definition of masculinity.

The Assignments: 1:Write a research paper on some aspect of contemporary theatre. 2: Complete a character analysis of Emma Goldman. 3: Design scenery, lights and costumes for The Game of Love and Chance by Marivaux.

I.Developing a Research Topic: Defining a specific research question & research topic

Assignment # 1:Write a research paper on some aspect of contemporary theatre. • Need idea of what information is available before you write. • Broad topic, too many options • Difficult to find relevant sources if topic is broad/ambiguous • What if there is nothing new to say? • Narrow topic, too few options • What if you choose a topic with no information? • Literature Review?

What is a Literature Review? • Generally, the purpose of a literature review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, other literature reviews, and theoretical articles. • “Review of Literature.” The Writer’s Handbook. The Writing Center, UW at Madison. 2004, 15 Feburary 2006 <http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ ReviewofLiterature.html>. Path: Home; Writers Handbook; Common Writing Assignments; Review of Literature.

Assignment # 1:Write a research paper on some aspect of contemporary theatre. • Research Question: How did American theatre and theatre artists respond to the events of 9-11? Were any plays written that dealt with the events? If so, what were the themes of those plays?

Assignment #2:Complete a character analysis of Emma Goldman. • Research Question: Research and write a complete, detailed biographical study of Emma Goldman relative to developing her as a character for the play Emma by Howard Zinn.

Assignment #3:Design scenery, lights and costumes for The Game of Love and Chance. • Research Question: Complete an analysis of 18th century French style in order to design costumes, lights, and scenery for The Game of Love and Chance.

II.Determine a Search Strategy How will you search to find the information you are looking for?

Determining a Search Strategy • Identify subject and key concepts for your search topic • Identify potential information sources • Identify where those information sources are located in the library, and how to use them

Purpose Subject Area Focus Topic Topic Concepts Subject & Key Word Determining a search strategy:Identify subject and key concepts for topic

Purpose: Scholarly research paper Subject: 21st century theatre history Focus: American theatre after 9-11 Topic: How did American theatre respond to the events of 9-11. Concepts: Theater/re, response to 9/11 Subject & Key Words: Theatre: plays, drama, theatre Response: reactions 9-11: terrorism How did American theatre and theatre artists respond to the events of 9-11? Were any plays written that dealt with the events? If so, what were the themes of those plays?

Purpose: Scholarly research paper. Subject: Emma Goldman Focus: Biographical Study Topic: Life, times, and beliefs of Emma Goldman. Concepts: Emma Goldman, Biographical information Subject & Key Words: Goldman: anarchist, suffraget Biographical information: life, death Research and write a complete, detailed biographical study of Emma Goldman relative to developing her as a character in the play Emma by Howard Zinn.

Purpose: Scholarly research for design. Subject: 18th C. France. Focus: Period style Topic: What were the architecture, décor, dress, and art of the 18th c France? Concepts: 18th c French architecture, décor, dress, art, history. Subject & Key Words: 18th c: eighteenth century, Rococo Dress: Clothes, costume. Art: Painting, sculpture Architecture: Domestic, Religious, Versailles Décor: Interior decoration History: Government Complete an analysis of 18th century French style in order to design costumes, lights, and scenery for She Stoops to Conquer.

Determining a search strategy:Identify potential information sources • Research needs determine which information sources to search!

Identifying Potential Source Options • Subject & Related subject areas • Subject area=library subject area • Source Content & Level • Source Scope • Identification of possible sources • Search strategy

Identifying Potential Source Options • Source Content: • Scholarly—those created by persons taking a scholarly approach to the subject. • Popular—those created by persons taking a non-scholarly approach to the subject. • Criteria to tell the difference • Source Level: • Primary—generally, those created at the time of the event or person’s life that you are studying. • Secondary—generally, those created after the time of the event of the person’s life that you are studying. • Criteria to tell the difference

Assignment #1: • Principal Subject Area: • Humanities • Theatre • Related Subject Area: • Source Content: • 1st Choice: Scholarly—need analytical opinions from theatre scholars. • 2nd Choice: Popular—may provide reviews of plays and opinions as to their value, or the plays from the audience’s point of view.

Assignment #1 • Source Level: • Primary: necessary because they will capture the immediate response of the theatre community. • Secondary: necessary because they will evaluate, compare and analyze the theatre of the event. • Source Scope: • Comprehensive and specialized sources are acceptable.

Assignment #1 • Source Identification: • 1st Choice:Periodicals will be best for primary sources as most will still be available in electronic indexes. It will be best source for theatre periodicals (scholarly), and it will also have human interest stories (popular) in papers like the New York Times. • Carlson, M. “9/11, Afghanistan, and Iraq: The Response of the New York Theatre”. Theatre Survey, May 2004. • Cameron, B. “When 9/11 is History”. Theatre Survey, September, 2002. • Salmon, J. “A Response to 9/11, So Unheroically Human”. New York Times, December 15, 2002.

Assignment #1 • Source Identification: • 2nd Choice: • Books will be helpful, particularly if they are a compilation of articles on the subject or books written about the subject. (Too early for them to have been written?) • Play Scripts written about the events of 9/11 will give insight into the theatre’s response. • Mueller, L. Voices from September 11th. • Thomas, A. & Batra, T. With their Eyes: September 11th—the View from a High School at Ground Zero. • LaBute, N. The Mercy Seat.

Assignment #1 • Search Strategy: • Begin with a general search of journal databases looking for scholarly and popular articles with a subject of theatre and 9/11. Then move to see if there are any books or plays that have been written about the topic specifically, or that hold essays on the subject.

Assignment #1 • Research Question: How did American theatre and theatre artists respond to the events of 9-11? Were any plays written that dealt with the events? If so, what were the themes of those plays? • Research Topic: The events of 9/11 had both an immediate and lasting affect on American theatre, not only in New York City and Washington, DC, but across the country. • Thesis Statement: A study of American theatre from September 11, 2001 to September 11, 2009, shows the affects of the 9/11 events on theatre. While an immediate, visceral theatrical response appeared in New York City, but waned after a few months, an investigation of new plays written since the attack, shows a more lasting affect in both plays dealing specifically with the tragedy, and plays with subject matter informed by the 9/11 events.

Assignment #2 • Principal Subject Area: • Humanities • History • Related Subject Area: • Social Sciences • Women’s studies • Political science • Source Content: • 1st Choice: Scholarly—need biographical sources explaining her place as an anarchist, feminist, and social activist. • 2nd Choice: Popular—look in contemporary periodicals for articles written about her.

Assignment #2 • Source Level: • Secondary—Contemporary authors who have written about her will be most prevelant. • Primary—Did she write an autobiography? Is there an annotated autobiography? Popular news sources written during her lifetime? • Source Scope: • Comprehensive and specialized are acceptable: • Comprehensive: • Marsh, M. Anarchist Women, 1870-1920. • Specialized: • Goldman, E. Living My Life. • Wexler, A. Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life.

Assignment #2 • Source Identification: • Books--as she is a historical figure most of the information about her will be in books. • Periodicals--there may be articles written about her in contemporary publications as well as copies of primary articles. • Reference Materials--because she was a historical figure she will be in most encyclopedias, general and subject. • The Encyclopedia of Women in American History

Assignment #2 • Search Strategy: • Begin with biographies of Goldman as well as her autobiographical writings. Then move to books and periodicals that write about her place as an anarchist, woman, and social activist.

Assignment #3 • Principal Subject Area: • Humanities • Art History • Architecture • Related Subject Area: • Social Sciences • Anthropology (Costume & Dress) • Source Content: • 1st Choice: Scholarly—need sources that explain & analyze 18th century French style. • 2nd Choice: Popular—photographs in periodicals (Architectural Digest)

Assignment #3 • Source Level: • Secondary: authors who have written about 18th century style, after the 18th century will be most prevalent. • Primary: those who wrote about the 18th century while living in it (diaries/letters); also paintings of architecture and dress. • Source Scope: • Comprehensive and specialized sources are acceptable. • Comprehensive: • Ribero, A. Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe. • Summerston, J. The Architecture of the Eighteenth Century. • Specialized: • Delpierre, M. Dress in France in the Eighteenth Century. • Kalnein, W. Architecture in France in the Eighteenth Century.

Assignment #3 • Source Identification: • Books most of the material will be in books. • Periodicals • Scholarly journals such as Dress and Eighteenth Century Studies. • Popular periodicals such as National Geographic • Reference Materials some reference sources may have articles on famous people, architecture, and behaviors of the period. • “Rococo” in Encyclopedia of Interior Design • “Rococo Style” in Encyclopedia Americana

Assignment #3 • Search Strategy: • Begin with general, comprehensive secondary sources that describe elements of 18th century style. Then look for specialized secondary sources covering specific aspects of the same period. Look for visual images that define the period.

End Part I & II I. Develop a research topic II. Form a search strategy

III.Identifying, Locating & Evaluating information materials -What specific type of source has the information? -Where it is located in the library? -Authority of information source?

Identifying, Locating & Evaluating information materials Identifying different types of information sources in the Simpson Library Which type is most likely to have the information that I want?

Types of information materials available in the Simpson Library • Reference Sources • Books • Periodicals • Databases • All are accessible via the Library Web • The CONTENTS of each may not be electronically available

Reference Sources • Encyclopedias • Dictionaries & Thesauri • Almanacs • Yearbooks • Handbooks • Atlases • Indexes

Encyclopedias • Encyclopedias contain brief overview articles on a wide range of subjects. Encyclopedias are frequently sets of multiple volumes and may cover a broad range of subjects or focus on a single subject area. • General:Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica Online • Subject:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama

Subject Encyclopedias • Assignment #1: -The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre & Performance -Critical Survey of Drama -Drama Criticism • Assignment #2: -Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers -Activists, Rebels, and Reformers -Women in World History • Assignment #3: -The Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion -Encyclopedia of Interior Design -The Dictionary of Art

Dictionaries & Thesauri • Dictionaries & Thesauri provide definitions of words and phrases. Some include the origins and histories of terms. Some include general terms in a particular language, whereas others may define jargon in a particular field of study. • Language dictionaries provide definitions for words in multiple languages. • Biographical dictionaries give information about people's lives and accomplishments. • Thesauri identify other words or terms with the same or similar meaning.

Dictionaries & Thesauri • Assignment #1: • International Dictionary of Theatre: Plays • Assignment #2: • Larousse Dictionary of Women • Assignment #3: • Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture

Almanacs & Statistical Sources • Almanacs are compilations of factsand statistics and in the case of Theatre research can be useful to look up statistics related to the arts. Most almanacs are updated annually or according to another regular schedule. • Statistical Sources just include compilations and summaries of numeric data.

Almanacs & Statistical Sources • Almanac: • World Almanac and Book of Facts • Statistical Source: • LexisNexis Statistical. • Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004-2005 • Statistics available: Theatre Attendance and Receipts; Federal aid to theatres; personal expenditures on theatre. • Available electronically • http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/

Yearbooks • Yearbooks provide annual updates of current events, facts, statistics, new discoveries, research or other timely information. Some reference book publishers issue yearbooks to update and supplement their publications until a new editions are available.

Handbooks, Manuels & Guides • Handbooks, manuals, and guides to a field of study provide a detailed overview of or a general introduction to a subject area. • Handbooks are similar to encyclopedias only with more in-depth entries. • Manuals provide instruction on how to do something. • Guides to a field of study are designed to teach researchers or students about the sources and research methodology in the field.

Atlases, Gazetteers & Guidebooks • Atlases, Gazetteers and Guidebooks are geographical sources. • Atlases are composed primarily of maps but may contain additional geographic information. • Gazetteers are dictionaries of place names and landmarks, both natural and man-made. • Guidebooks give important travel and other descriptive information about places

Research Methods for the Theatre