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Research Methods..

Research Methods. Understanding and working with the major forms of research. 4 Basic Principles of Research. Objective= without bias Replicable= stands the test of time Valid= accurately measures the variables studied Reliable= results aren’t skewed.

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Research Methods..

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  1. Research Methods.. Understanding and working with the major forms of research

  2. 4 Basic Principles of Research • Objective= without bias • Replicable= stands the test of time • Valid= accurately measures the variables studied • Reliable= results aren’t skewed

  3. American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Guidelines • Informed Consent • Confidentiality • Protection of Participants (Do no harm) • Right to stop • Minimum deception • Debrief

  4. 4 Major Types of Research… • Natural Observation • Case Study • Survey • Experiment

  5. How is Research Conducted…. Longitudinal Cross-Section Study a “representative” sample of different ages here and now Linguistic intelligence with 20, 40, 60, 80 year-olds to see performance on various tasks/ Same subjects over a long period of time • “7 UP” • Terman’s Termites

  6. Natural Observation (also called the field study) • 1904- Germany • Clever Hans • Mr. Van Osten (owner)

  7. People/animals are observed in their normal or “natural” or “ field” habitat • There can be NO INTERFERENCE between researcher and subject • Observer effect • Observer bias

  8. Natural observation.. Advantages Disadvantages Little or no control group possible Behavior may be altered by the presence of the observer No “conclusive” cause can be identified • Potential for a great deal of information • Observations can be repeated by others • Behavior in natural settings is more accurate

  9. Case Studysometimes called the “clinical” method • In-depth investigation of an individual or a small group • Chosen because of an “existing” condition • Information used to generalize to other people/groups • Take the form of: • Interviews • Observations • Background checks

  10. Case Study.. Advantages Disadvantages Little or no control group Subjective interpretation Single case can be misleading • Takes advantage of rare or unusual problems or events

  11. Phineas Gage…

  12. The Survey…… • Information gathered by asking people directly • Importance of random sample!

  13. Survey.. Advantages Disadvantages Findings may not be accurate (wording/honesty) Problems identifying a random sample May be time consuming • Data from a large group • Address questions not answered by other techniques • Can be very accurate • Inexpensive • Can be done quickly

  14. The Experiment… Experiments are controlled situations in which one aspect of the situation (independent variable) is manipulated in order to measure the other (dependent) variable

  15. The experiment is the only research method that shows cause and effect

  16. Components… Variables Groups Experimental Group= the group exposed to the independent variable Control Group= the group exposed to all conditions except the independent variable • Independent Variable= the factor the researcher manipulates. It is the suspected cause • Dependent Variable= the factor that is being measured

  17. Placebo= Inactive substance used to alter someone’s expectations • Placebo effect= Changes cause by the person’s belief

  18. Researcher Controls…. • Blind Procedure= The participants in an experiment do not know what (if any) treatment (independent variable) they are receiving • Double Blind= Both the participants and the researcher do not know which subjects are receiving the treatment (independent variable)

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