Imperialism

1. Imperialism Unit 7 Notes

2. Important Dates & Info Unit 7 Key Terms Quiz #1 – Friday 12/6 Unit 7 Key Terms Quiz #2 – Wednesday 12/11 Unit 7 Test – Friday 12/13

3. imperialism nationalism direct rule indirect rule* protectorate sphere of influence Social Darwinism* White Man’s Burden Berlin Conference Zulu War Boer War “jewel of the crown” Sepoy Rebellion Raj Opium War Taiping Rebellion Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion Unit 7 Key Terms

4. Unit 7 Key Terms • Matthew Perry • Meiji Restoration • Sino-Japanese War • Russo-Japanese War • Monroe Doctrine • Jose Marti* • Spanish-American War • USS Maine • yellow journalism* • Roosevelt Corollary* • Great White Fleet*

5. Review Questions How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of imperialism? How did nationalism contribute to the rise of imperialism? What methods of rule did Europeans use to govern foreign peoples? How do you think the search for new colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania may have affected relations among European industrial nations? Explain the meaning of the phrase “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” Based on the map on page 152, what places in India remained free of British rule? Based on the map on page 153, which two nations held the most territory in Africa? What were some arguments in favor of imperialism? What were some arguments against imperialism?

6. Key Terms • indirect rule – European colonial policy in which the traditional or local governments in the colonies are allowed to govern themselves but only with the blessings of the mother country – typically there were no government agents (i.e. viceroys, royal governors) from the mother country • Social Darwinism – belief that it was natural for stronger cultures to overtake weaker ones – “survival of the fittest” • Matthew Perry– U.S. navy officer who helped force the Japanese to trade with the United States • Meiji Era– period of modernization for Japan, during which the emperor realized that the best response to imperial threats was to industrialize

7. Key Terms • Sino-Japanese War– war between Japan and China that saw the Chinese navy destroyed, the Chinese driven from the Korean peninsula and the Japanese gain a foothold in Manchuria • Russo-Japanese War– war between Russia and Japan that resulted in Japan making Korea a protectorate and Japan becoming a world power

8. Imperialism in 1914

9. Driving Forces Behind Imperialism • Industrialization • primary cause of imperialism • industrialized nations needed raw materials from less developed countries • new territories meant more trade and more profit • Political and Social Forces • competition for colonies was driven by nationalism • imperialism was justified by Social Darwinism • “The White Man’s Burden”

10. “The White Man’s Burden” • poem by Rudyard Kipling published in 1899 • example of Social Darwinism • implied that it was the duty of Europeans (all white people) to civilize people of other nations or cultures by introducing Christianity and Western culture

11. “The White Man’s Burden”

12. Methods of Imperialism • countries governed their colonies in different ways • direct rule • indirect rule • protectorate • sphere of influence

14. Imperialism in Africa • early exploration of Africa was difficult because of disease and geographic barriers • the discovery of missionary David Livingstone by news reporter Henry Stanley sparked European interest in the continent • under King Leopold II, Belgium gained control of the Congo and brutally exploited local rubber plantations • other nations soon followed Belgium by claiming sections of Africa

16. Imperialism in Africa • the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set the rules for the division of Africa • meeting of 14 nations (no African nations) • divided the continent with no regard to ethnic or language boundaries • by 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control

19. Imperialism in Asia • Europeans wanted several things from Asia: • land to grow cash crops like tea or cotton • raw materials like tin, rubber, and oil • trading posts (many established by the British East India Company) • British holdings • India • Singapore • Malay Peninsula • Afghanistan

20. The British Empire

21. Imperialism in China

22. Different Reactions to Imperialism • Africa • British, Dutch (Boers or Afrikaners), and Africans (Zulus) all wanted South Africa • British defeated the Zulus in the Zulu War in 1879 • Boer War (1899-1902) between British and Boers began as gold was found in the region • India • known as the “jewel in the crown” – the most prized British territory • supplied raw materials and potential markets to sell finished products

23. Different Reactions to Imperialism • India (continued) • British expansion suppressed (put down) local culture • in 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion began after rumors that gun cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat (this was extremely offensive to Hindus and Muslims) • British took direct rule of India (a period known as the Raj) after the rebellion • China • China wanted to remain isolated • British attempts to trade with China resulted in the Opium War

24. Different Reactions to Imperialism • China (continued) • at the same time of the Opium War, the TaipingRebellion was going on in China – people wanted to establish a kingdom with no poverty • foreign countries took advantage of internal struggles in China – led to the Open Door Policy • Boxer Rebellion was a reaction to Open Door Policy and foreign intervention in China – Chinese Boxers killed Chinese Christians and foreigners until the rebellion was put down

25. Imperialism Statistics

26. This Week’s Homework Read p. 145-148 and answer 1-4 on p. 149. Read p. 161-165 and answer 1-2 on p. 166. Read p. 169-171 and answer 1-3 on p. 171.

27. Review Questions How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of imperialism? How did nationalism contribute to the rise of imperialism? What methods of rule did Europeans use to govern foreign peoples? How do you think the search for new colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania may have affected relations among European industrial nations? Explain the meaning of the phrase “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” Based on the map on page 152, what places in India remained free of British rule? Based on the map on page 153, which two nations held the most territory in Africa? What were some arguments in favor of imperialism? What were some arguments against imperialism?

28. Review Questions • How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of imperialism? • caused nations to search for new places to colonize for 2 reasons: (1) new markets to sell goods and (2) raw materials to make products • How did nationalism contribute to the rise of imperialism? • nationalism led to feelings of cultural superiority – the idea that other cultures benefitted from imperialism • ruling other people increased a nation’s power and glory

29. Review Questions • What methods of rule did Europeans use to govern foreign peoples? • direct rule • indirect rule • protectorate • sphere of influence • How do you think the search for new colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania may have affected relations among European industrial nations?

30. Review Questions • Explain the meaning of the phrase “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” • the British Empire was so vast (large) that at any point of time the sun was up in some area that they controlled • Based on the map on page 152, what places in India remained free of British rule? • The Princely States and Goa (Portuguese) • Based on the map on page 153, which two nations held the most territory in Africa? • France and Great Britain

31. Review Questions • What were some arguments in favor of imperialism? • it ended local warfare • it helped develop farming, industry, and transportation • it brought schools and hospitals • it spread new ideas about human rights

32. Review Questions • What were some arguments against imperialism? • it created bitter feelings between the imperial nation and the people they ruled • it created feelings of superiority • in many cases, native people were shut out completely of government • the flooding of the market with cheap manufactured goods destroyed local industries

33. Japanese Imperialism • under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, Japan had been isolated from any contact outside the country for centuries • in the mid-1800s, western powers attempted to open trade with Japan • 1853 – U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry forced open trade with Japan through the Treaty of Kanagawa • Japanese citizens were angry and the shogun stepped down – ending military rule that had controlled Japan since the 12th century

34. Japanese Imperialism • during the mid-1800s, Japan began to modernize and move away from isolationism • this time period was known as the Meiji Era – the emperor felt the best way to deal with imperial threats was to industrialize • Japanese imperialism began with forcing trade with Korea in 1876 – China also had trade interests there • in 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out in Korea and Japan drove the Chinese from the peninsula and gained a foothold in Manchuria

35. Japanese Imperialism • following the Sino-Japanese War, Japan and Russia were the two strongest powers in Asia and both wanted Manchuria • Japan offered to recognize Russia’s claim to Manchuria if Russia recognized Japan’s claim to Korea • Russia rejected the offer and the Russo-Japanese war broke out in 1904 – Japan defeated Russia in 1905, shocking the world, and became recognized as a world power

36. U.S. Imperialism Key Terms Monroe Doctrine Jose Marti* Spanish-American War USS Maine yellow journalism* Roosevelt Corollary* Great White Fleet*

37. U.S. Imperialism • in 1823, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine – stated that North and South America were off limits to further European colonization • in 1868, Cuba declared independence from Spain • fighting went on for 10 years and Cuba failed to gain independence • during the 1890s, the U.S. gained economic interests in Cuba • in 1895, Jose Marti began a second attempt at independence against the Spanish • Marti hoped that U.S. economic interests in Cuba would lead to help for the revolutionaries

38. U.S. Imperialism • the Spanish-American War started in 1898 when the U.S. assisted Cuba in their fight for independence from Spain • causes of the war • explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor • “yellow journalism” • using exaggerated and sensational headlines in order to sell newspapers rather than reporting the truth • helped make the Spanish-American War the first media war

41. Results of the Spanish-American War • lasted 4 months with the major fighting in the Caribbean and in the Philippines (two-front war) • U.S. gained territory • Philippines • Guam • Puerto Rico • Cuba became a U.S. protectorate • Guantanamo Bay was leased to the U.S. as a naval base • war increased imperialistic desires in the U.S.

42. Results of the Spanish-American War • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine issued in 1904 • stated that the U.S. was an international police power in the western hemisphere (justified our military intervention in Latin America) • President Theodore Roosevelt sent the U.S. Navy (the Great White Fleet) on a worldwide tour • U.S. would intervene in a Panamanian revolt against Colombia in exchange for the rights to build the Panama Canal • U.S. would intervene more and more in the affairs of Latin America, leading to an economic imperialism that established U.S. supremacy in the Western Hemisphere

43. Other U.S. Expansion • Alaska • purchased from Russia in 1867 by Secretary of State William H. Seward • most thought it was a foolish purchase until gold and oil were discovered • Hawaii • annexed in 1898 by President William McKinley • sugarcane and pineapple plantations and eventually tourism • also provided a fueling station for ships and a base for the U.S. Navy

44. Summarizing Questions • 1. What were the effects of acquiring Hawaii and the Philippines on the US economy? • 2. What events led to the Spanish-American War? • 3. How was the Spanish-American War a test of the Monroe Doctrine?

45. What stated that the Americas were off limits to further European colonization? What was caused when the US aided Cuba in its fight for independence from Spain? How did the US justify it’s involvement in Cuba’s struggle for independence? What led America to declare war against Spain?  What was the scramble for the most sensational and competitive headlines? What territories did the US gain as a result of the Spanish American War? What part of Cuba did the US lease after the Spanish American War? True or False: After the Spanish American War the US granted Cubans and Filipinos their independence. What was issued that declared the US an international police power in the Western Hemisphere? The US encouraged the _________ to revolt against the Columbians in exchange for the right to build the ___________  _____________.