Rise of Civilization

1. Rise of Civilization Unit 1

2. Prehistory • The period before people developed writing.

3. 3 types of early man • Homo-habilis – man had ability • Homo-erectus – man could walk upright • Homo-sapiens – man could think

4. Civilizations • A highly organized society marked by knowledge of a written language, the arts, sciences, and government.

5. Anthropologists • Scientists who study past human civilizations; they compare bones, looking for changes in size and structure.

6. Archaeologists • Scientists who study the life and culture of ancient peoples by excavating ancient living sites.

7. Artifacts • An object made by humans, such as a tool, ornament, weapon, or pottery, that has historical or archaeological importance.

8. Culture • The ideas, customs, skills, and arts of a given people at a given time.

9. Aspects of culture(ways of life) • Language • Foods • Religion • Achievement in art and music • Use of tools • Technology

10. Technology • The skills and knowledge available to a people.

11. Nomads • A person without a permanent home who moves about canstantly in search of food.

12. Early Man • When population was small, had a nomadic lifestyle – men traveled in small groups (tribes) usually following and hunting wild herds of animals. They had no permanent home; people traveled constantly. There emerged a single leader. (Usually, the ruler of each tribe was the 1. Strongest, 2. Eldest, 3. Wisest, and 4. The highest religious leader.)

13. Early People • Neanderthals • Originated in Africa and spread to Europe. • Hunters/gatherers. • Used fire for warmth and cooking. Use of fire and clothing made migration to cooler climates possible.

14. Neanderthals (Cont.) • Lived in caves • Some built shelters with skins.

15. Cro-Magnons • Originated in Asia; artifacts in France • Either lived at the same time as Neanderthals or came to be when Neaderthals disappeared. • Develop knife and chisel • Chopped down trees and built canoes.

16. Cro-Magnons (Cont.) • Developed bow and arrow tohunt larger animals and have a better food suply. • Left behind cave paintings

17. Human Race • People that look like people of today. • Begins with Adam. Story of Genesis in the Old Testament in the Bible.

18. The Neolithic Revolution • The development of Agriculture changed the nomadic lifestyle as farming tied people down to the land in one permanent place/spot. Thus, villages started to form and grow into cities, and civilizations formed.

19. People shifted from gathering/hunting food to producing food. • New innovations allowed this: • Agriculture • Domestication of animals • Villages • Plow • Fertilizer • Loom • Wheel • Metalworking for weapons

20. The domestication of plants and animals led to the domestication of humankind, meaning hunters lived in nature, while farmers tried to control nature.

21. 4 Earliest Known Civilizations • First highly organized societies that developed out of river valleys: • Mesopotamia (Iraq – on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) • Ancient Egypt (on the Nile River) • India (on the Indus River) • China (on the Huang/Yellow River that empties into the Yellow Sea)

22. “The test of civilization is the power of drawing the most benefits out of cities”-Emerson. • What do cities provide for people? Jobs, government

23. Civilization • A highly, organized society marked by knowledge of a written language, the arts, sciences, & government.

24. Most civilizations developed out of the 4 River Valleys. • Nile • Tigris/Euphrates • Indus • Huang

25. Basic Features of Civilizations: • 1. Food supply (is stable; often, a surplus thanks to anIrrigation System: rainfall fell to ditches, which ran into canals, & into reservoirs.)

26. Why must there be a surplus of food before a city can develop and grow? • In order to free others to engage in other activities.

27. 2. Specialized labor • Artisan-A skilled craftworker, such as a builder, potter, & textile worker. • -worked one task • -very skilled • -produced large quantities • -improved quality

28. Metalworking-introduced the Bronze Age; used bronze which was easier to pour into a mold and shape weapons.Artisans had a major effect on the economy.

29. Economy-a system of producing, distributing, and consuming wealth to meet people’s needs. • Trading-the exchange of goods and services thanks to the ability to travel. • HOW? • A.Overland by animals or caravans B. Water by small canoes and later, ships

30. 3. Government • Govt. needed a way to supervise and protect agriculture and trade. • a.Government officials were created to oversee collection, storage, & distribution of the food surplus. • b.Soldiers guarded the city’s territory and trade routes. c. The king was the head of government.

31. 4. Social levels followed the city’s layout. • a.In the center were the government and religious buildings; • b.Then, houses of the ruling class; • c.Then, groups of artisans; • d.On the outskirts, farmers. • Compare to the city of Glasgow.

32. 5. System of writing; tools of writing were a quill pen and berry ink. • -Writing originated when priests would record a surplus of food and the distribution of food. • -Early people used pictograms. • -Early people also wrote true stories and myths.

33. 6. Organized large-scale projects • To control flooding, dams and earthen dikes were built