Bio-Based Fuel Research Waste to Resource

1. Bio-Based Fuel ResearchWaste to Resource Steve Safferman Dana M Kirk Wei Liao Susie Liu

2. WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Direct Combustion Biochemical Conversion Thermal Conversion Ethanol Synthesis Anaerobic Digestion Algae Pyrolysis Gasification Liquefaction Thermochemical Conversion Thermochemical Deploymerization

3. Anaerobic Digestion Andrew Wedel, McLanahan Corp.

4. East Germany (Swine and Potatoes)

5. Scenic View Dairy

6. Minute Maid

7. Anaerobic Digestion What does carbon look like in complex waste? CaHbOc?d?e?f?g?h What does carbon look like in energy? CH4 H H H C H

8. Anaerobic DigestionMicrobiology Biogas Energy Systems A Great Lakes Casebook, Great Lakes Regional Energy Program. Cliburn & Associates, 1994 Rozdilsky, J. 1997. Farm Based Anaerobic Digestion in Michigan: History, Current Status, and Future Outlook, 1997.

9. Anaerobic DigestionMicrobiology Heat Electricity Natural Gas CH4 (50 – 60%) CO2 (40 – 50%) Other? (Trace) Biogas Fiber Water Nutrients Digestate Scenic View Dairy, MI

10. Digestate \ Manure composite boards Solid liquid separation Manure solids as bedding Compost

11. Anaerobic Digestion Benefits • Revenue Sources • Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales • Carbon Credit • Tipping Fees • New Industries • All of the Above • Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance) • Water Treatment/Stabilization • Emission Control • Greenhouse Gas • Carbon Credit • Public Perception • Liquid/Solid Separation • Nutrient Availability • Pathogen Reduction

12. “Back of the Envelop” Energy Prediction In MI, Avg. Person Requires 313 MBTU/year1 People in MI: 10,100,0001 0.012 MBTU/kg VS Added to Digester2,3 7,100,000 tons of Dry Biosolids Produced each Year4 Biosolids in Country Supports 183,000 People in MI (2%)2,3 Cows in MI: 325,0006 Cows manure in MI Supports 10,400 people (0.1%)2,3,6 1MI Depart. of Economic Development and Labor and Economic Growth, Energy Overview 2Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering 3Peavy et al. Environmental Engineering 4WEF, Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids 5USDA National Statistics Service 6Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Factors to Consider, Balsam, ATTRA Pub. IP219

13. Anaerobic Digestion Costs • Capital Cost • Daily Operation and Maintenance • Training • Safety • Sensitivity • Disposal ----- ______ in _____Out -----

14. Anaerobic Digestion Benefits • Revenue Sources • Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales • Carbon Credit • Tipping Fees • New Industries • All of the Above • Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance) • Water Treatment/Stabilization • Emission Control • Greenhouse Gas • Carbon Credit • Public Perception • Liquid/Solid Separation • Nutrient Availability • Pathogen Reduction

15. Natural Gas Methane Combined Heat & CO 2 Biogas Power System Green House Organic Anaerobic Vegetable Heat Residues Digester Production Liquid/Fiber Liquid Algal Culture Separator Stream Animal Fish Fiber Crop Biodiesel Feed Meal Production Aquaculture & Hoop Agriculture Anaerobic DigestionSystem Research

16. Animal Manure Nutrients (C, N, P etc.) Psychrotrophic Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms Psychrotrophic Methane Producing Microorganisms Methane Hydrogen Enhanced Enzyme Production Lignocellulose Organic Acids H2 & CH4 Production – Psychrotrophic Microbial Consortia 5 liter bench reactors for AD research 16s rRNA gene technologies for analysis of microbial consortia

17. Algal production using AD effluent Combustion of AD Biogas AD Liquid Effluent CO2 Advanced Pond System Algal Culture System Algal Turf Scrubber System Wastewater with less N, P Algal Biomass Fertilizers Fish Meal Ethanol Value-Added Products

18. Integrated Small-Scale Animal Manure Management System to Improve Energy Efficiency and Produce High-Value Co-Products

19. Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

20. Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration? • Determine Objectives • Profile Facility/Facilities • Screen Wastewater • Predict Best Theoretical Potential • Conduct Laboratory Experimentation • Interpret Results • Make Recommendations • Professional Design

21. 2. Profile Facility/Facilities

22. 3. Screen Waste • COD (soluble) • Volatile Solids • pH • Alkalinity • C/N/P • Toxicity Diazinon Permethrin Lindane Carbofuran

23. Predict Best • Theoretical Potential • Liu, Yan, Miller, S. A., Safferman, S. I. (2008). “Alternative Treatments of Food and Manure for Biogas Production.” Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, In Press (manuscript BIOFPR-08-0017.R1).

24. 5. Conduct Laboratory Experimentation Anaerobic Respirometry • Real Time, Continuous Gas Measurement • Total volume • Rate (ml/hr)

26. 6. Interpret Results

27. Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration? • Determine Objectives • Profile Facility/Facilities • Screen Wastewater • Predict Best Theoretical Potential • Conduct Laboratory Experimentation • Interpret Results • Make Recommendations • Professional Design

28. MSU Anaerobic Digestion Research and Training Center Comprehensively research, develop, evaluate, and educate on integrated anaerobic digestion systems, with an emphasis on cost effective and efficient technologies for small and medium sized dairy farms. • Theoretical modeling • Bioassay evaluation and • Lab and Bench scale research • Anaerobic digester and algae facility at the MSU Dairy Farm • Pilot and commercial scale research at Green Meadow Farms and Scenic View Dairy.

29. East Bay, Expansion Potential East Bay, Expansion Potential Men’s Locker Room 18 ft Research Bay, Typ. 15 ft 14 ft Wet Laboratory 15 ft Conference Room 10 ft 40 ft High Bay 4 ft Entry 10 ft Instrument Laboratory Stud. Work Room 15 ft Women’s Locker Room Manager’s Office 82 ft Anaerobic DigestionResearch

30. Questions Dana M Kirk kirkdana@msu.edu P: 517.432.6530 C: 517.282.6937 Steven Safferman safferma@msu.edu 517-432-0812 www.egr.msu.edu/~safferma/