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CH. 1

CH. 1. The Sociological Perspective. Sociology: The scientific study of society and human behavior; structure. How Groups Influence People Maintains a group focus. Emphasizes patterned social relationships between members. How People are Influenced by Their Society

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CH. 1

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  1. CH. 1 The Sociological Perspective

  2. Sociology: The scientific study of society and human behavior; structure. How Groups Influence People Maintains a group focus. Emphasizes patterned social relationships between members. How People are Influenced by Their Society Uses social factors to explain human social behavior. People Who Share a Culture People Who Share a Territory Seeing the Broader Social Context

  3. Jobs Income Education Gender Age Race/Ethnicity Social Location - Corners in Life

  4. C. Wright Mills - History and Biography • The Sociological Imagination: • History - Location in Broad Stream of Events • Biography - Individual’s Specific Experiences

  5. The Global Context and the Local • The Global Village • Instant Communication • Sociology Studies both the Global Network and Our Unique Experiences

  6. Sociology and the Other Sciences • The Natural Sciences • Explain and Predict Events in Natural Environment • The Social Sciences • Examine Human Relationships

  7. Sociology and the Other Sciences • Anthropology • Studies Culture • Economics • Studies the Production and Distribution of Goods and Services • Political Science • Studies How People Govern Themselves

  8. Sociology and the Other Sciences • Psychology • The Study of Processes Within Individuals • Sociology • Similarities to Other Disciplines

  9. The Goal of Science • Explain Why Something Happens • Make Generalizations • Look for Patterns • Predict What will Happen • Move Beyond Common Sense

  10. Risks of Sociology • Nooks and Crannies People Prefer Hidden • People Feel Threatened by Information

  11. Origins of Sociology • Tradition vs. Science • The Industrial Revolution • Grew Out of Social Upheaval • Imperialism of the Time • Rise of the Scientific Method

  12. Auguste Comte and Positivism • Applying the Scientific Method to Social World • Coined the Term “Sociology” • “Armchair Philosophy”

  13. Herbert Spencer - Social Darwinism • Second Founder of Sociology • Lower and Higher Forms of Society • Coined Phrase “Survival of the Fittest”

  14. Karl Marx and Class Conflict • Engine of Human History is Class Conflict • The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat • Marxism Not the Same as Communism

  15. Durkheim and Social Integration • Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline • Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior • Identified “Social Integration” - Degree to Which People are Tied to Social Group

  16. Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic • Religion and the Origin of Capitalism • Religion is Central Force in Social Change • Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism

  17. Sociology in North America • First Took Root in 1890 at University of Kansas • Spread Rapidly in Next 20 Years • Not at Harvard until 1930 • American Journal of Sociology 1895

  18. Sexism in Early Sociology • Attitudes of the Time • 1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined • Few People Educated Beyond Basics • Harriet Martineau • Published Society in America Before Durkheim and Weber Were Born • Her Work was Ignored

  19. Racism at the Time: W.E.B Du Bois • B.A. from Fisk University • First Harvard Ph.D. for African American • Published a Book Each Year from 1896-1914 • Neglected by Sociologist Until Recently

  20. Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer • Member of American Sociological Society from Start • Came from Background of Wealth and Privilege • Co-Founded Hull House • Co-Founded American Civil Liberties Union

  21. Values in Sociological Research • Sociology Should be Value-Free • Sociology Should be Objective • Research Should Involve Replication • Goals and Uses of Sociology • Change or just explore? • Applied sociology

  22. Theoretical Perspectives Symbolic Interactionism - How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life • Applying Symbolic Interactionism - Changing the Meaning of Symbols Affects Expectations

  23. Functional Analysis • Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated Parts that Work Together • Functionalism, Structural Functionalism • Robert Merton: • Functions • Manifest • Latent • Dysfunctions

  24. Conflict Theory • Karl Marx and Conflict Theory • Conflict Theory Today • Feminists and Conflict Theory • Applying Conflict Theory

  25. Levels of Analysis • Functionalists and Conflict Theorists - Macro Level • Symbolic Interactionists - Micro Level • Microsociology – interest in the interaction of people “within” social structures; investigates relationships within groups • Macrosociology – interest in the “intersection” of social structures; focuses on groups as a whole

  26. Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

  27. Theoretical Criticisms

  28. Trends Shaping the Future • Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research • Diversity of Orientations • Applied/Public Sociology • Globalization

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