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An introduction to the monitoring of forestry carbon sequestration projects. Igino M. Emmer PhD Face Foundation. Developing Forestry and Bioenergy Projects within CDM Ecuador March, 2004. F orests A bsorbing C arbon dioxide E mission. Overview of the Face projects. Contents.
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An introductionto the monitoring offorestry carbon sequestration projects Igino M. Emmer PhDFace Foundation Developing Forestry and Bioenergy Projects within CDM EcuadorMarch, 2004
Contents • Introduction • Basic principles of carbon monitoring in forests
Introduction What is carbon monitoring in forests? Forest carbon monitoring quantifies changes in carbon stocks in various carbon pools of the forestby repeated measurement
Why carbon monitoring? • Transparency and credibility • Verification (see project cycle) • Compliance versus voluntary
COP 9 • IPCC GPG LULUCF • Large versus small-scale projects
Monitoring plan • Contents (CDM EB): • GHG baseline and with-project • Archiving • Nature and quality of methodologies • Remedial measures for negative impacts • This introduction: carbon monitoring in CDM AR
Good Practice • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • National inventories and projects • Winrock International and others
Basic principles of carbon monitoring • First considerations for planning • Data requirements • Tools for data collection • Carbon calculations • Leakage, risks and uncertainties
First considerations for planning • Greenhouse gasses involved • Baseline versus with-project scenario • Required frequency • Availability of expertise • Costs
Greenhouse gasses involved • CO2 (1 CO2e) • CH4 (23 CO2e) • N2O (296 CO2e)
Baseline versus with-project scenario • Baseline may become counterfactual • Plot selection • Modelling
Required frequency • Lomax: lowest cost/effort, maximum result • Carbon monitoring vs research • CDM AR: 5-year intervals • Just before verification • Statistics • Stock changes versus variability
Pre-defined precision and accuracy • Precision: e.g. measuring a stem diameter • Accuracy: assessing the carbon stored in the forest Can be found in the IPCC GPG LULUCF
Availability of expertise: fields • Forestry, terrain knowledge • Sampling design and statistics • Logistics • Supervision and quality control
Costs • Labour intensive, time consuming: may easily become expensive • Lomax • Pre-monitoring intelligence • Pilot sampling • Relation with market price of CO2e (end of considerations)
Data requirement • 50% of biomass is carbon (C) • Carbon pools • Above-ground biomass • Below-ground biomass • Soil carbon • Litter
Pools to be involved • In principle all carbon pools within the project boundary must be considered • Only if transparent and verifiable information is provided, pools that are shown not to be a source may be excluded from the monitoring
Above-ground biomass allometric biomass regression equation: B = a + b * D2 * H where B: biomass (kg) D: stem diameter (cm) at breast height (1.3 m) H: total height (m) a-b: regression parameters from the data, depending on tree species and site conditions
Below-ground biomass • Average below-ground to above-ground ratio for tropical, boreal and temperate forest (IPCC) = 0.26 • Varying little among latitudes (boreal-temperate-tropical) or soil texture • IPCC guidelines: ‘given the lack of standard methods and the time-consuming nature of monitoring below-ground biomass in forests, it is good practice to estimate below-ground biomass from either estimated aboveground biomass based on various equations or from locally derived data’
Soil carbon A general formula for calculating soil organic carbon: SOC = [SOC] * BulkDensity * Volume * (1-CoarsFragments) where SOC: soil carbon stock (Mg C/ha) [SOC]: concentration of soil carbon (g C/kg) BulkDensity (Mg/m3) CoarseFragments: fraction in %
Tools for data collection Good monitoring depends on • An adequate land classification scheme • An appropriate spatial and temporal resolution • A proper standard for precision and accuracy • A transparent methodology • Measures to assure consistency and availability over time
Remote sensing • Air photography • Satellite imagery • Radar
Ground-based surveys; sampling design • Ground-based surveys require field visits for measuring selected attributes • The way these attributes are measured in terms of ‘how many times’ and ‘where’ is the sampling design • The sampling design must • prevent any bias in measurements • allow for efficient execution of the work • allow for independent verification
Sampling design • Complete enumeration • Simple random sampling • Systematic sampling • Stratified random sampling Precision, Accuracy, Lomax
Sampling unit • Plot (permanent or temporary) • Pre-defined constant area (tonnes C/ha) • Permanent plots: • Better quantification of stock changes • Independent verification
Carbon calculations • Carbon stocks • Sample size • Time intervals
Other issues • Leakage • Monitoring within project boundaries • Risks and uncertainties • Assessment • Mitigation