Economics & Politics of Asia

1. Economics & Politics of Asia Unit 3 of Asia

2. Shoguns and Samurai Warriors • Shoguns were very powerful military generals • Samurai Warriors were Japan's warriors from its military.

3. Section 1 – History of Japan Tokugawa Shogunate • To protect Japan from outside influences, the Tokugawa introduced a policy of national isolation. • In 1639, the Tokugawa closed Japan to all foreigners except the Dutch and the Chinese who were permitted to trade at Nagasaki • At the same time, laws were issued that prohibited any Japanese from going to a foreign country for any reason • The penalty for violating this order was death. • Japanese who were not in the country were not permitted to return to Japan.

4. Opening Up to the West Around the year 1800 European influence in Asia and the Pacific increased a great deal. By the mid- 1800’s much of Asia had come under control of European nations. If US ships were wreaked and sailors were captured in Japan, they were often jailed and beat up which ticked off the US 4. So the US wanted to “Open Up Japan”

5. In 1852, the US government sent a naval expedition to Japan under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry; Perry believed that a. the US should expand through the Pacific Ocean due to Manifest Destiny (God said that the US should spread its influence over the world) b. the desire to have shipwrecked sailors and all Americans treated fairly and well c. the US wish to expand trade for economic gain and increased political power d. desire by the US to set up a coaling station for its ships

6. The arrival of the US ships in Tokyo in 1853 frightened the Japanese who had never seen steamships before; many panicked and moved out of Tokyo • The Emperor and the Tokugawas wished to maintain a policy of separation but they realized that Japan was helpless against modern military strength of the US and that it was not possible to maintain Japanese isolation. • The next year Japan gave in to t he US demands • Soon Japan had to open-up to the rest of the world and the Tok’s looked very weak.

7. Japan Enters the Modern World Meiji Restoration • Japan suffered from low tax collections so the samurai could not be paid so it ended their role in Japan • People became very unhappy with everything in Japan and demanded change. • In 1868 the Emperor abolished the shogunate of the Tok’s • So started the Meiji restoration • Meiji means “enlightened rule”

8. Meiji Restoration • When the Meiji restoration period ended in 1912 Japan had a Constitution with a Parliament, a highly educated population , and had established a rapidly growing industrial sector based on the latest technology • With a powerful army and navy to protects its interests.

9. Japan flexes its military muscle • Japan wants to build its empire. This begins in the early 1900’s. • In 1905 the Russo –Japanese war ended with a sound beating of Russia by Japan and Japan capturing the Port Arthur naval base on the coast of China. • This gives japan the confidence to seek other areas like the Koreas and Manchuria. • Japan sees the Koreas and Manchuria as areas for industrial and agricultural expansion. • Japan Annexes the Koreas in 1910, (Takes control of ) • and then sets its sites on trying to occupy China in the area of Manchuria (Northeast part of China/Russia)

10. Japan Annexes Korea

11. Japan Is a Player in China – End Tues

12. War with China 1. Since Japan was very small for its population, Japan needed more room and China was their main target. 2. China had all the raw materials that Japan needed. 3. In 1932 Japan took Manchuria in northern China 4. Japan left the League of Nations in 1933 5. League of Nations – A predecessor of the United Nations, aimed at securing international security. It was created after World War I in an effort to hold countries accountable and maintain peace, but the US never joined.

13. In 1937 Japan went to war with China in an effort to assert its dominance in Asia Its soldiers committed atrocities on the Chinese. Atrocities – now punished as war crimes, war atrocities include various kinds of torture. Japan also wanted SE Asia for more raw materials like oil and rubber The military's influence kept growing until General Hideki Tojo ruled the country in 1941. Japan’s military glorified war. Only the US stood in the way of Japan’s expansion The US cut exports – like oil - to Japan and declared an embargo. Embargo – a decision by one country to eliminate all exports to and imports with another country

15. On Dec. 7th, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US bases in the Pacific at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • The Japanese also struck at the Europeans in SE Asia • The Japanese invaded many areas at first, but after the US recovered, they were in for a long war, which they could not handle. • 4. In 1945, Japan armies were defeated in the Pacific and its home islands blockaded and under attack, Japan prepared for an all out invasion by US forces War with the US

16. Despite great loses in men and equipment, Japan continued to fight savagely. US fighter pilots also fought on the side of the Chinese of which they called themselves the “Fighting Tigers.” The US flew supplies over the Himalayas to help the Nationalist Chinese fight against Japan One by one, the US began recapturing islands from the Japanese The US became convinced that only a direct invasion of Japan would lead to an end to the war. The US estimated that it would lose 1 million men in the invasion

17. In 1942, the US government launched a project to produce the first atomic bomb. • Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer guided the design and building of the bomb. • Manhattan Project scientists tested the first bomb on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. • . however, the US had just tested an atomic bomb and on Aug. 6 and 9, the first atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • On Aug 15 Japan surrendered. • Emperor Hirohito claimed that he was not divine.

18. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 70,000 killed immediately. 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

19. US Occupation-MacArthur Does not try Hirohito for war crimes because he is a popular figure for the people of Japan. Begins food relief efforts for the people of Japan at the cost of over a million dollars a day. Helps set up a democracy by helping draft a US style constitution-Hirohito is a figure head but has no real power. Insist that Japan be allowed into trade alliances.

20. Postwar Japan • The Allies, under the command of US General Douglas MacArthur, oversaw Japan and the drafting of a new constitution after WWII. • The new constitution established a democratic government, reduced the size of Japan’s military to a defensive force, and allowed for a modified version of the emperor. • It also guaranteed certain human rights and extended women the right to vote. • In 1951, Japan became independent again. • However, it kept a close relationship with the US. • The US poured lots of money into rebuilding Japan and helped it grow economically. • Today, Japan is one of the wealthiest and economically strongest nations in the world. End Wed

21. Outcomes for Japan Japan has a modern economic miracle. Best educated work force in the world. Women granted rights Old power structure, and class system broken down and replaced. Peasants could and did own property. Democracy still reigns to this day.

22. The Korean War 1950-1953

23. Background… • Korea had been a unified country since the 7th century. • During the 19th century, Imperial Japan began an occupation of the Korean Peninsula which lasted until the end of WW II. • At the close of World War II, forces of both the Soviet Union and the United States occupied the Korean peninsula.

24. Korea - 1945 • The Soviets imposed a communist government on North Korea, resulting in the formation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948, • The U.S. imposed a nationalist/capitalist democracy on South Korea, resulting in the formation of the Republic of Korea in 1948.

25. Post-War Plans… • Initially, it was the intention of both sides to establish a stable and unified Korea in order to withdraw their military forces from the area. • However, neither the Soviet Union or the U.S. wanted the peninsula to fall into the other's hand. • The division of Korea that ensued set the stage for a civil war.

26. Prelude to War • North Korean General Secretary Kim Il-Sung was intent on reuniting the peninsula under communism. • An offensive against the South was planned • On January 30, 1950, Stalin, via telegram, informed Kim Il Sung that he was willing to help Kim in his plan to unify Korea.

27. Stage 1: North Korea attacks • 1st Phase of Conflict • June 25, 1950 • North Korea launches a surprise attack against South Korea triggering the Korean War. • By the night of June 28, Seoul (capital of South Korea) had fallen and the South Korean forces were in disarray.

28. United Nations Involvement • The United Nations Security Council called for an immediate end to hostilities. • When its further demand that North Korea withdraw forces from the southern half of the Korean peninsula fell on deaf ears, the UN Security Council recommended that members of the United Nations join forces to repel the attack. • Twenty-one nations agreed to contribute arms, money, medical supplies, and/or troops to rid South Korea of the Communist aggressor.

29. United Nations Force • Gen. Douglas MacArthur was put in charge of the U.N. Command, which included combat and medical units from 22 nations. • The United States provided 50% of the ground forces (South Korea provided most of the remainder), 86% of the naval power, and 93% of the air power. • End Thurs • Japan Quiz Mon

30. Stage 2: Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter • Unable to slow the enemy advance, the Americans and South Koreans fought desperate delaying operations, buying time with blood as more American units were rushed to Korea. • By the end of July 1950, the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan.

31. Stage 3: Inchon • MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul. • The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. • American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north.

32. Stage 4: Approaching the Yalu • Despite warnings from the Chinese that "American intrusion into North Korea would encounter Chinese resistance," MacArthur's forces continued to push north. • On October 25, 1950, however, things turned ominous. The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force.

33. Stage 5:An entirely new war • Roughly 180,000 Chinese troops shattered the right flank of the US Eighth Army in the west, while 120,000 others threatened to destroy the X Corps near the Chosin Reservoir. • On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war."

34. Stage 6: Stalemate • Beginning January 15, Ridgway led the U.N. in a slow advance northward, in what his troops began to call the "meatgrinder." • Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured Seoul. • In the meantime, General MacArthur had been steadily pushing Washington to remove the restrictions on his forces. • Not only did Truman decline for fear of widening the war, but he fired MacArthur, who had been publicly challenging him for months, for insubordination on April 11.

35. Ceasefire Agreement • The Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. • The armistice was only ever intended as a temporary measure and provided for: • A suspension of open hostilities • A fixed demarcation line with a four kilometer (2.4 mile) buffer zone - the so-called demilitarization zone • SEE next slide • A mechanism for the transfer of prisoners of war.

36. Korean WarCasualties

38. Today, tensions remain high between North and South Korea. • Capitalism and democracy have allowed South Korea to thrive as a wealthy, modernized society. • Meanwhile, North Korea is one of the poorest nations in the world. • Its strict communist regime pours most of the nations resources into its military rather than on efforts to modernize and benefit the population. • End Fri

39. The Two Koreas Today • For 40 years, North Korea relied on its two giant neighbors, the Soviet Union and China, for political, economic, and military assistance. • in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up and the new country Russia broke off ties with the North • China ticked off the North as they became more friendlier to the South • North Korea has lived in isolation since its independence. • TVs and radios are built so they only receive North Korean stations and not South Korean stations. • The government was afraid that the people might learn new ideas

40. Only the government has computers • North Korea was ruled by a dictator, Kim Il Sung until his death; his son, Kim Jong Ill ruled until 2011. • the North has had several droughts and many people have died of starvation • North Korea is believed to have several nuclear missiles able to reach the South and Japan.

41. The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975

42. Background to the War • France controlled “Indochina” since the late 19th century • Japan took control during World War II • With U.S. aid, France attempted re-colonization in the postwar period

44. Background to the War • The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minhforces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu • President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France.

45. Background to the War • International Conference at Geneva • Vietnam was divided at 17th parallel • Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the North • Diem, a French-educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the South

46. Background to the War • A date was set for democratic elections to reunify Vietnam • Diem backed out of the elections, leading to military conflict between North and South • End Mon. Korea Quiz Tues

47. U.S. Military Involvement Begins • Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem • Diem’s family holds all power • Wealth is hoarded by the elite • Buddhist majority persecuted • Torture, lack of political freedom prevail • The U.S. aided Diem’s government • Ike sent financial and military aid • 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.

48. U.S. Military Involvement Begins • Kennedy elected 1960 • Increases military “advisors” to 16,000 • 1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military coup d'état – Diem and his brother are murdered (Nov. 2) • Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later (Nov. 22)

49. Johnson Sends Ground Forces • Remembers Truman’s “loss” of China Domino Theory revived I’m not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.

50. Johnson Sends Ground Forces • Advised to rout the communists by Secretary of State, Robert S. McNamara • Tonkin Gulf Incident  1964(acc. to Johnson, the attacks were unprovoked) • Tonkin Gulf Resolution • “The Blank Check” *