An Introduction to ENERGY

1. An Introduction to ENERGY Mill Creek High School Mr. Burrows

2. Objectives • Recognize types of energy surrounding us • Identify renewable, non-renewable, and inexhaustible energy sources • Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy • Identify the 6 forms of energy • Describe history of energy consumption in USA

3. Objectives • Identify sectors of society associated with energy consumption • Identify energy consumption trends in USA • Discuss efficiency vs. conservation • Define “law of entropy” • Recognize reasons for growth in energy &power demands • Recognize factors that influence exportation and development of different energy sources

4. Why do we learn about Energy? • It has shaped YOUR society • It has shaped YOUR world • Traditional sources WILL near depletion in your lifetime. • YOU will have to make important decisions about energy! • It is effects and is affected by politics, economics, and the environment.

5. Energy • Energy: The ability to do work • It is often overlooked because we measure the work but don’t consider the energy source • We must consider the source

6. Energy Groups • Renewable energy: Resources that can be replaced once used • They can be quickly regenerated • Examples: • Wood • Cornstalks • Sugarcane

7. Energy Groups • Nonrenewable Energy: Cannot be replaced once used • Example: • Fossil fuels-take 100s of 1000s of years to make • Uranium: is mined like coal for nuclear reactors

8. Energy Groups • Inexhaustible Energy: Those that will never run out. (for millions of years) • Examples: • Sun • Wind • Waves

9. Types of Energy • Potential Energy: is energy waiting to happen • Gasoline: • Can produce lots of power if handled properly • Water behind a dam: • Does not produce power until released

10. Types of Energy • Kinetic Energy: is energy in motion • Examples: • Wind: that moves to turn a windmill • Water moving to turn a turbine • Radiant energy from the sun

11. 6 Forms of Energy • Light energy: is visible to the eye • Very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum • Heat energy: (infrared) longer wavelength than light energy. • Does not pass as easily through glass

12. 6 Forms of Energy • Mechanical energy: produced by mechanical devices • gears, pulleys, levers, engines, etc • Chemical energy: potential energy locked within a substance • Example: 50-lb of oak may have the same chemical energy as 1 gallon of heating oil.

13. 6 Forms of Energy • Electrical Energy: associated with the flow of electrons • Nuclear Energy: associated with the power in the atom. • When was it first harnessed? Why? • Now it is used to generate power

14. Measuring Energy • British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the basic unit of heat energy • Very small amount of energy • Roughly the amount of energy given off by one burning wooden match • All other forms of energy can be related to the BTUs they can produce

15. One Heating Unit Equals

16. BTU Related Measurements • 1 Heating Unit = 100,000 BTUs • Used for measuring larger energy used like structural heating • 1 Quad = 1-quadrillion BTUs • 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTUs • Used for measuring very large energy consumption like cities, continents, etc

17. World Energy Consumption

18. Early American Energy • Primary Energy Sources • Wind • Water • Wood • Industry build on waterways • Farmers used wind power to draw water • Wood was used to produce heat

19. 1800s Energy in USA • Inventions of the steam engine • Steam boat, steam locomotives • Coal replace wood as primary energy source • Why? • Coal more chemical energy • 15lb of coal = 20-50lb of wood

20. Internal combustion engine was perfected Americans began to depend on cars Gasoline contains more energy than coal 1900s Energy in USA

21. OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • Formed in 1960 • Group of nations committed to the strength and success of oil market.

22. 1970s Oil Embargo • Embargo: limiting of trade for political reasons. • To punish USA in 1970s for using too much oil, OPEC limited oil sales • USA started to look to efficiency and conservation • Smaller engines • Better use of existing oil supplies

23. Energy Information Administration estimates a 50% increase in world energy consumption by 2025. Majority comes from Fossil Fuels What About the Future?

24. Why Fossil Fuels? • Yield more energy per volume than many other forms • Created millions of jobs in the USA • Keep USA engaged in world economy

25. Energy Conversion • Energy Conversion: Changing of one form of energy into another • Electric motor-converts electrical energy to mechanical (rotation) • Furnace-converts potential energy (in gas) to kinetic energy (heat) • Solar collector-converts light energy to heat.

26. Efficiency • Efficiency: Measure of the extent to which an energy form is usefully converted to another form. • Furnaces- some convert 90% of BTUs in heating oil to heat (very efficient)

27. Efficiency • Internal Combustion Engine: historically only converted about 27% of energy in gas to mechanical energy. (terrible) • Today: I.C.E. convert about 30% because of advances in technology (better) • Where does the other 70% go?

28. Entropy • Entropy is a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed system • Law of Entropy: whenever an energy form is converted from one form to another, some loss will occur.

29. Energy Efficiencies

30. Energy and the Environment • Acid rain: result of burning fossil fuels • Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) • Nitrous Oxide (NO2 ) • Sulfur Oxides (SO2 ) • Condenses in atmosphere and falls with rain • Devastates forests, pollutes ponds, rivers, streams, Kill fish

31. Energy and the Environment • Greenhouse effect – layer of greenhouse gasses (from fossil fuels) prevent heat from sun from escaping into space • Raises Earth’s temp. (global warming) • May result in… • Melting of ice caps • Altering of shorelines • Changes in weather patterns

32. Recycling • If Mill Creek recycles 1-ton of paper it will save: • 6953 gallons of water • 463 gallons of oil • 587lb of air pollution • 4077 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity • This is because of the energy saved to produce a recycled product.

33. Conservation vs. Efficiency • Efficiency = Saving energy by getting the most possible work out of each unit • ie. Efficient light bulbs • Another example? • Conservation= Saving energy by limiting the use of it • ie. Turning off a normal (incandescent) light • Another example?

34. Objectives • Recognize types of energy surrounding us • Identify renewable, non-renewable, and inexhaustible energy sources • Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy • Identify the 6 forms of energy • Describe history of energy consumption in USA

35. Objectives • Identify sectors of society associated with energy consumption • Identify energy consumption trends in USA • Discuss efficiency vs. conservation • Define “law of entropy” • Recognize reasons for growth in energy &power demands • Recognize factors that influence exportation and development of different energy sources