Post World War Civil Rights everything you need to know according to your EOCT Guide

1. Post World War Civil Rightseverything you need to know according to your EOCT Guide

2. Background After Civil War –the North tried to force the South to give voting and employment rights to Blacks during Reconstruction 1865 – Civil War Ends 1866 – North occupies the South in military zones – • prevents Plantation owners from voting • blacks allowed to vote in state elections • 1868 - President Andrew Johnson impeached for not being Radical Republican enough – not removed from office • 1875 – Civil Rights Act passed by Northern Radicals controlling Congress • -Guarantees everyone regardless of race, creed, religion, equal access to public facilities (restaurants, groceries, jobs) • 1876 - Compromise of 2877 Allow republican to be President if northern troops are removed from the South • 1877 – North military withdraws from South • 1883 – Supreme Court declares Civil Rights Act unconstitutional

3. Jim Crow Laws 1880s-1940s • Before the Civil War they were called Slave Codes; after, Black Codes • With the North gone, White democrats in the South could now vote in state elections and do as they please to Blacks • They overwhelmingly vote for imposing laws on blacks • Vagrancy laws – get caught standing around; go to work camps; basically legalized slavery • Curfews • Poll taxes • Literacy tests at polls • KKK intimidation at polls • Segregation laws • ‘white only’ primary elections

4. 1896 - Plessey VS Ferguson • Court case ruled that segregation is legal – separate but equal • Said blacks can be ‘separate’ from whites if they have ‘equal’ accommodations – thus separate but equal’ The Story • Homer Plessey who was 1/8 black and 7/8 white wanted to sit in the White train car in Louisiana • He was arrested and went to trial • LA State Court upheld the segregation law • He appealed at Supreme Court who agreed 7 to 1 with the lower courts • The Supreme court said accommodations and conditions were the same in both Black rail cars and White, thus he couldn’t say his rights were violated

5. Civil Rights Movement Early 1900s • 1909 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) established to protest lynchings • Used the court system • Persuaded Supreme Court to rule against lynchings • The Crisis prints pictures of lynchings • Also challenged, mostly unsuccessfully, segregation in schools • (this is where separate but equal was obviously wrong – whites ALWAYS had better school supplies, buildings, equipment, books, etc) • But southern racists whites continued to argue it was equal

6. Jackie Robinson - 1947 • 1947––Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play for a major league baseball team in the United States • Brooklyn Dodgers • led to complete integration of baseball and other professional sports • National League MVP in 1949 • 1stAf Am in Baseball Hall of Fame • Before, AfAms played with the Negro League

7. 1948 – Truman Integrates the Military Many communist countries during the Cold War used our racism (esp KKK and lynchings) as propganda to convince people that democracy didn’t really mean freedom for all • And they were right • So Truman integrated the military • By 1954 there were no more separate units • This causes many white Democrats to leave the Democratic party and become Dixiecrats • (Remember Blacks had switched from Republican to Dem during the 1932 election of FDR) This is Freedom? Shame on America

8. Warren Court • Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren makes many landmark decisions thru 50s-and 60s • 1954 – NAACP Wins Brown VS Board of Education of Topeka • Overturns Plessey VS Ferguson • Says separate is NOT equal • Public schools (college too) must integrate • Thurgood Marshall argued this case and became the first Af. Am appointed to the Supreme Court (later) • 1963 Miranda V Arizona • Police must inform suspects of Fifth Amendment right and attorney rights

9. Black students try to attend school in Little Rock, AZ White Resistance 1957-58 • High School • Little Rock Central High School refused to integrate • Gov called in National Guard to block 9 Black students from entering • Eisenhower(now president after Truman) called in the 101st Airborne to force them to be allowed in • Colleges 1961 - Mississippi Univ. blocks James Meredith from enrolling; JFK sends authorities to force the issue 1963 - Gov. of Alabama George Wallace (himself) physically blocks entrance to University; federal authorities step in again Gov. Wallace blocking Att. Gen. Katzenbach 101st Airborne escorting Little Rock Nine James Meredith, first Black to attend Univ. of Miss.

10. 1955 – Montgomery Bus Boycott 0 • Started with Rosa Parks refusing to give up bus seat for white person leading to her arrest I was tired. • NAACP sees opportunity to make political move • Elect young inexperienced Baptist minister Dr. Martin Luther King to lead a boycott of city busses • Blacks met at churches to organize (couldn’t legally meet anywhere else) • 50,000 blacks stop paying bus tickets and carpool or walk to work • The buses, due to financial losses, are forced to integrate

11. SCLC and SNCC Est. • During boycotts, ‘Southern Christian Leadership Conference” (SCLC) created • MLK first president of org • Goals of organization was to register blacks to vote and get blacks elected into office • Get blacks educated • Soon they joined the ‘Albany Movement’ in Georgia • Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Created • Led the “Albany movement” – based in Albany, GA • Organized freedom rides; attacked viciously by whites • Students protest discrimination; civil disobedience – go to white restaurants theaters, etc.

12. Martin Luther King • SCLC decides to campaign in cities where there are large Black populations in the South and where Whites are the most violent • Uses civil disobedience, idea from Gandhi • Disobey laws but with NONVIOLENCE • That way when whites attack, they look like the bad guys • It Worked because they media broadcast these horrible attacks of angry whites on peaceful Black marchers making whites look mean

13. SNCC and SCLC Don’t‘ AgreeI really don’t know why this is so important for you to know, but if the State goes to the trouble of laying it out in graph form, it must be important MLK; older Christian ministers College students End all types of suffering of being Black in America Get whites to follow Brown Vs. Board of Ed decision Boycotts, marches, protests; meet at churches Sit-ins; voter registrations Voter registrations Freedom Rides White and Af Am STUDENTS Af Am and White ADULTS Whites left (b/c it became More violent later) Same as original Non-violent civil disobedience Same as SCLC SAME Violent protests; Black Power

14. March on Washington • MLK organized a March on Washington, finally, (remember Philip A Randoph? – Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters?) • 200,000 Blacks and whites protests and met • MLK makes his “I Have a Dream Speech” in front of Lincoln Memorial • Same place as Marion Anderson sang with support from Eleanor Roosevelt http://thesoundsofhistory.com/martinlutherking.html

15. JFK Shot – Civil Rights Acts Passed • 1963, JFK proposed a civil rights act but was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald • Lyndon B. Johnson VP becomes president • 1964 – Civil Rights Act – prohibits segregation in public theaters, hotels, restaurants and education and employment • 500 Black protest marchers in Selma Alabama attacked by dogs, clubs, whips, tear gas – media broadcasts it (we’ll watch this video) • 1965 – Voting Rights Act – literacy tests suspended and federal officials will register voters if county offices refuse to do so

16. Civil Rights Review Game • What civil rights organization was created during the Montgomery Bus Boycotts and asked MLK to be its president? • Southern Christian Leadership Conference

17. Civil Rights Review Game • What civil rights organization was created out of the sit-in movement? • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

18. Civil Rights Review Game • What was the first all comprehensive anti-discrimination law ever passed by Congress? • Civil Rights Act of 1874

19. Civil Rights Review Game • It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and then they ruled 20 years later, in _____________ VS __________ that separate IS equal. • Plessey VS Ferguson

20. Civil Rights Review Game • What case overturned Plessey Vs. Ferguson? • Brown V Board of Education, Topeka

21. Civil Rights Review Game • When students and adults broke laws of segregation in various cities, what philosophy did they use to provoke White anger? • Non-violence OR civil disobedience

22. Civil Rights Review Game • What was the second comprehensive Civil Rights law that ended ? • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

23. Civil Rights Review Game • What civil rights organization was created out of the sit-in movement? • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

24. Civil Rights Review Game • What civil rights organization was created out of the sit-in movement? • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

25. Civil Rights Review Game • What civil rights organization was created out of the sit-in movement? • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee