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Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology. Basic structure: cells, tissues, organs Body planes, directions, & cavities Integumentary system. Basic Structure of the Human Body Cells Tissues Organs Organ System ORGANISM.

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Anatomy & Physiology

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  1. Anatomy & Physiology Basic structure: cells, tissues, organs Body planes, directions, & cavities Integumentary system

  2. Basic Structure of the Human Body Cells Tissues Organs Organ System ORGANISM

  3. Animal structure has ahierarchy A. CELLULAR LEVEL:Muscle cell B. TISSUE LEVEL:Muscle tissue C. ORGAN LEVEL:Heart D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:Circulatory system E. ORGANISM LEVEL:Many organ systemsfunctioning together

  4. The Cell • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Organelles • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Chromatin • Ribosomes (free; bound) • Centrosome • Centrioles • Mitochondria • Golgi apparatus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Lysosomes • Vesicles • Pinocytosis • Phagocytosis • See next slide

  5. Cell Reproduction • 2 types of cells in our body: • Regular body cells (somatic cells) -------- 46 chromosomes • Sex cell (gametes) ---------------------------- 23 chromosomes • Mitosis = process of cell reproduction for body cells • Get identical cells; thus same as cloning & asexual reproduction • Meiosis = process of cell reproduction for sex cells • Do not get identical cells; thus get variation

  6. Key: first chromosomes replicate & become chromatids DNA Chromatin Chromosomes Then : (PMAT) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Mitosis

  7. Meiosis, Fertilization, Stem Cells

  8. Tissues • Tissue =when cells work together for a common purpose • 4 types • Epithelial --- lines body surfaces • Connective ---connects & supports things • Muscle ---- moves & protects • Nerve ------ control & communicate

  9. Systems of the Body • 11 organ systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Circulatory • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Endocrine • Reproductive

  10. Hair Cartilage • The integumentary system : • Covers and protects the body • Regulates body temp • Makes vitamin D Skin • The skeletal system: • Supports and protects the body • Moves the body • Makes blood cells Nails Bones

  11. The muscular system: • Produces movement • Enables body posture • Produces body heat Skeletalmuscles

  12. The endocrine and nervous systems: control, regulate, and coordinate body functions Pineal gland Brain Pituitary gland Senseorgan Thyroid gland Thymus gland Spinalcord Adrenal gland Pancreas Nerves Testis (male) Ovary(female) ENDOCRINESYSTEM NERVOUSSYSTEM

  13. The lymphatic (immune) system • Protects the body • Carries tissue fluid & wastes to blood • The circulatory system: • transports the food and oxygen Bonemarrow Thymus Heart Spleen Lymphnodes Lymphvessels Bloodvessels CIRCULATORYSYSTEM LYMPHATIC ANDIMMUNE SYSTEMS

  14. The respiratory system • Exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide • The digestive system: • Digests & absorbs food • Eliminates wastes Larynx Mouth Trachea Esophagus Bronchus Liver Stomach Lung Smallintestine Largeintestine Anus DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

  15. The urinary system: • Disposes of certain wastes • Keeps body in fluid & chemical balance Kidney Ureter Urinarybladder Urethra

  16. The reproductive system: • perpetuates the species MALE Penis FEMALE Seminalvesicles Ovary Oviduct Prostate gland Uterus Vasdeferens Vagina Testis Urethra G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Figure 20.9G

  17. Body planes, directions, & cavities Body Planes: sagittal, coronal (frontal), & transverse

  18. Body Directionsproximal/distal lateral /medialcephalic/ caudalsuperior/ inferiorsuperficial/ deepanterior/ posteriorventral/ dorsal

  19. Body Cavities

  20. Areas of the abdomen Figure 1-8 • Quadrants • Regions

  21. Anatomy 3 layers Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer Hypodermis Physiology Protection Excretion of waste Synthesis of Vitamin D Sensation Body temperature regulation Integumentary System

  22. Cutaneous membrane Figure 7-1

  23. Glands • Sebaceous glands (oil) • Sudoriferous glands • Eccrine • Apocrine Figure 7-4

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