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Artificial Intelligence Chapter 9 Automatic Computing Engine

Artificial Intelligence Chapter 9 Automatic Computing Engine. 99328-169 유우철 Seoul National University. First Electronic Calculators and Computers. National Physical Laboratory Pilot ACE. University of Pennsylvania EDVAC. Von Neumann Model. a memory , containing instructions and data

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Artificial Intelligence Chapter 9 Automatic Computing Engine

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  1. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 9Automatic Computing Engine 99328-169 유우철 Seoul National University

  2. First Electronic Calculators and Computers

  3. National Physical Laboratory Pilot ACE

  4. University of Pennsylvania EDVAC

  5. Von Neumann Model • a memory, containing instructions and data • a processing unit, for performing arithmetic and logical operations • a control unit, for interpreting instructions

  6. Tmul Tadd a,b ab a,b a+b Turing Machine • Mathematical model of a device that can perform any computation – Alan Turing (1937) • 무한한 “tape”에 symbol을 읽고 쓰는 능력 • state transitions, based on current state and symbol • Every computation can be performed by some Turing machine. (Turing’s thesis)

  7. U Tadd, Tmul a,b,c c(a+b) Universal Turing Machine Universal Turing Machine • 모든 튜링 머신을 implement할 수 있는 튜링 머신 • inputs: data, plus a description of computation\ • U 가 programmable 하면 computer도 또한 가능하다. • Instruction을 input data와 함께 입력한다. • Computer와 Universal Turing Machine은 서로를 emulate할 수 있다. • 그러므로, computer 는 universal computing device!

  8. Acoustic Delay Line Developed by William Shockley of Bell Labs Used in radar during the war (Pres Eckert)

  9. ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) • 메모리의 크기와 속도가 상업적인 성공에 중요 • Acoustic delay line이용 • 하드웨어의 크기를 줄임 • 소프트웨어적으로 처리할 수 있는 것은 소프트웨어로 처리하려고 노력 • 계산기능 있는 하드웨어 -> 관련 함수 사용자가 작성 • 최적코딩으로 실행 시간 최소화 • 한 명령의 실행이 끝나면 최소 대기 시간에 다음 명령을 메모리에서 읽도록 프로그램

  10. Artificial Intelligence • Acting like a machine? • UTM에서 instruction을 직접 고치면? • 스스로 학습하면서 instruction table 수정 • 기계에만 가혹한 기준 적용하는가? • 실수를 통해 학습 (기계에는 항상 옳기를 기대) • 수학자의 애매한 증명

  11. Artificial Intelligence - 2 • 60년간의 패러다임 • 튜링 머신, 폰 노이만 구조 • 새로운 패러다임 필요? • 컴퓨터가 뇌와 같이 동작하려면? • Instruction 병렬 처리 • 병렬 접근 가능한 메모리 • NP hard 문제들

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