THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN…

1. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Chapter 7

2. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1866- • Reached Smoky Mountain • Met hunting party of Cheyenne and Arapaho • Hunting in Kansas against Treaty • Roman Nose and others ignored • Had not signed the Treaty giving away land

3. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1866- • Many stayed at Smoky Hill • George Bent went to Black Kettle • Found and made Magpie his wife • Spring of 1866- • Edward Wynkoop had rejoined Cheyenne • Appointed Agent for tribe

4. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Hunting Party Black Kettle Band

5. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1866- • Wynkoop went to Smoky Hill • Tried to convince warriors/hunters to report to Agency • Chiefs refused • Sioux showing success in North • Encouraged Cheyenne to fight

6. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1866- • Roman Nose and Dog Soldiers made plan • Make way along Smoky Hill Road • Raid and destroy stage stations • Spring of 1866- • Bent brothers split • George stayed with Black Kettle • Charlie with Roman Nose • Spoke for last time in October

7. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Autumn of 1866- • Roman Nose went to Fort Wallace • Told U.S. to leave or fight • Winter set in early • Forced to set up winter camp • Big Timbers on the Republican

8. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Roman Nose Winter Camp Fort Wallace

9. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1867- • Large number of soldiers reported coming to Ft Larned • Black Kettle ordered his camp south of the Canadian River in southern Oklahoma • Move Accidentally Caused Problems- • Wynkoop could not find Black Kettle • Wanted Black Kettle to hold council at Ft Larned

10. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1867- • Wynkoop finds Roman Nose • Convinces him to hold council at Ft Larned • General Winfield Scott Hancock • In command of U.S. forces • 1,400 soldiers at Fort • Including new command of 7th • Hard Backsides Custer

11. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring of 1867- • Hancock frustrated with participants • Only 14 chiefs came to council • Hancock threatened to go to camp to talk to chiefs • Indians nervous • Many women and children were there

12. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1867- • Night Council was a bad omen • Hancock told of railroad coming • Whites coming from all directions • Cheyenne agreed to hold back warriors • U.S. needed to do the same • Hancock Agitated- • Roman Nose not present • Not a chief and not invited • Hancock wanted to go to camp to find him

13. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1867- • Cheyenne begged Wynkoop to step in • Hancock ignored plea • Began march to Cheyenne camp • Wynkoop and Others- • Rode ahead to warn camp • Pawnee Killer (Sioux) went to meet Hancock in peace • Others set fire to plain to make village hard to see

14. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1867- • Pawnee Killer met Hancock • Both agreed to hold council next day • Roman Nose MUST be in attendance • Spring 1867- • Roman Nose suspected trap • Wanted to break camp • Bull Bear met Hancock

15. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Bull Bear meets with Hancock- • Hancock angry Roman Nose not there • Bull Bear said he was buffalo hunting • Hancock would march to Cheyenne camp and wait • Following meeting- • Bull Bear rushed to camp • Women and children sent North on ponies • Chiefs name Roman Nose war leader • Bull Bear 2nd to keep Roman Nose in check

16. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Roman Nose Leaves Camp- • Takes 300 armed warriors and a truce flag to meet Hancock • Roman Nose told Bull Bear • “…Hancock is spoiling for a fight. I will kill him in front of his own men and give them something to fight about.” • Roman Nose Leaves Camp- • 300 warriors met on plains by 1,400 U.S. soldiers • Wynkoop talked Roman Nose into seeing Hancock

17. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Agent Edward Wynkoop General Winfield Scott Hancock Cheyenne War Chief Roman Nose

18. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Roman Nose Meeting with Hancock- • Told Hancock poor horses prevented him from attending Ft Larned Council • Asked Hancock to not come closer to camp • Women and children had already fled • Hancock demanded Roman Nose bring them back • Roman Nose Meeting with Hancock- • Cheyenne said they would tell others to return • Went back to camp, packed, and fled

19. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Following Meeting- • Hancock waited for 2 days for Roman Nose to return • Sent troops into abandoned camp • Kept what they wanted • Burned the rest • Cheyenne and Sioux Response- • Burned and looted stage stations • Attacked railroads and camps • Stopped all travel on Smoky Hill Road

20. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • U.S. Disagrees on Next Move- • Hancock’s expedition could not find Indians • Superintendent of Indian Affairs Murphy • Operations have been a failure • To continue after so few Indians futile • Indian Agent Sanborn agreed • U.S. Disagrees on Next Move- • General Sheridan disagreed • Needed to have peace or kill them • To leave them alone would lead to war

21. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • U.S. Disagrees on Next Move- • Agreed to try Peace Commission • Led by same party as Ft Laramie Treaty later that year with Red Cloud • Proposed Plan- • Plan included Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche, and Prairie Apache • Would share reservation south of Arkansas River • Government would provide • Cattle, crop seed, farm equipment

22. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Medicine Lodge Creek Council- • 60 miles south of Ft Larned • To be held in early October • William Bent sent to camps as emissary • Black Kettle, Little Raven, Ten Bears • All agree to come • Dog Soldiers and Roman Nose • Refused to attend if Sherman was present

23. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Bent Knew Roman Nose was Key- • Cheyenne would not agree to peace without him • Bent sent in Edmond Guerrier • Married to Bent’s sister • Roman Nose was married to Guerrier’s cousin • Guerrier had survived Sand Creek • Roman Nose finally agreed…sort of • Would camp on Cimarron • If things looked OK he would come to council

24. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Cimmaron Council Site Fort Larned Dog Soldier Camp

25. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Medicine Lodge Creek Council- • Began October 16 • All chiefs present • Roman Nose had runners to keep him informed • October 21 • Kiowa and Comanche signed • Black Kettle would not • Wanted more Cheyenne chiefs there • Arapaho would not sign until Cheyenne did

26. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Council at a Stand Still- • Black Kettle and Little Robe went to bring in Dog Soldiers • Took almost a week for Roman Nose and Dog Soldiers to agree to come • Enter Council with a show • Page 161

27. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Council at a Stand Still- • Bull Bear and White Horse initially refused to sign • Wanted to share region • Needed hunting grounds • Bent said it was not possible • Finally, treaty was signed • Cheyenne and Arapaho agreed to country south of Arkansas River • Roman Nose did not sign • Took 400 warriors north

28. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Winter of 1867-68- • Cheyenne and Arapaho camped near Ft Larned • Hunting had provided food for winter • Food shortage began in Spring • Winter of 1867-68- • Provisions promised were not available • Treaty had not been ratified • Wynkoop did not even have ammunition to give for hunting

29. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1868- • Small bands begin moving • Head north to Smoky Mtn hunting grounds • Tall Bull, White Horse, Bull Bear • Gave into Dog Soldiers and moved north of Arkansas River • Spring 1868- • Wynkoop asked Black Kettle to stop the others from leaving • Council held • Met with new CO Gen Philip Sheridan

30. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Spring 1868- • Gen Sheridan offered ammo and guns • Warned if used against U.S., Indians would be hunted and killed • Bands nervous • Lots of new soldiers in area • Warriors were north hunting • August 1868- • Cheyenne and Arapaho hunters • Camped along Arikaree River • Fork of Republican

31. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • August 1868- • Roman Nose and others warned • Gen Sheridan sent out scouting parties • Instructed to hunt down Indian camps • Warnings ignored • Too busy hunting for winter • September 1868- • Pawnee Killer reports scout party of 50 • Only 20 miles from Roman Nose’s camp • Special scout party • Forsyth’s Scouts

32. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Arikaree River Fort Larned

33. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • September 1868- • War party organized to attack scouts • Roman Nose did not take part • In midst of purification ceremony • September 1868- • Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho warriors go on • Instructed to attack as one body • Six young warriors ignored order • Wanted to scatter horse herd

34. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • September 1868- • Only captured a few ponies • Allowed soldiers to escape • Dug in on island in Arikaree • September 1868- • Warriors unable to make charge on island • Spent day circling island • Killing soldier ponies • Soldiers used the dead horses for protection

35. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • September 1868- • Roman Nose joined warriors that afternoon • Knew he would die that day • Prepared himself for battle and death • September 1868- • Led charge on Scouts • Indian front line shot down • Roman Nose caught in crossfire • Shot through hip and severs spine

36. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • September 1868- • Roman Nose laid in brush until dark • Crawled to party searching for him • Taken to camp • Women there tending to wounded • Roman Nose died that night • September 1868- • Roman Nose’s death deflated warriors • Held scouts under siege for 8 days • Saved by relief column of soldiers

37. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • September 1868- • Among whites became known as • Battle of Beecher’s Island • Among Cheyenne • Fight When Roman Nose Was Killed • Fall 1868- • Remaining Cheyenne returned south • Joined Black Kettle below Arkansas River

38. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Fall/Winter 1868- • Gen Sheridan makes plans • Will lead a winter campaign • Hunt and kill all “savage” Indians • Savage was any that resisted when fired upon • Winter 1868- • Black Kettle set up camp • Washita River • Scolded returning people, but welcomed them back

39. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Winter 1868- • Reports of soldiers reached Black Kettle • Went to new agency at Ft Cobb • Asked Gen William Hazen for permission to move camp to Ft Cobb • Wanted protection • Request denied • Gen Hazen instructed Black Kettle back to camp • Assured Black Kettle all would be OK • Gen Hazen knew of Sheridan’s plan

40. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… Black Kettle’s Camp on the Washita River Fort Cobb

41. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Winter 1868- • Black Kettle returned to village dejected • Called for council • Would not let Cheyenne experience another Sand Creek • Planned to take delegation to meet soldiers

42. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Winter 1868- • Blizzard forces Black Kettle to wait until next day to leave • Awoke next morning • Screams of “Soldiers!” through camp • Washita Massacre- • Black Kettle ran back into lodge and grabbed rifle • Shot into air to awaken camp and give orders • He WOULD NOT let Sand Creek happen again

43. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Soldiers surprised camp • Led by Custer • Snow muffled horse hooves • Fog concealed soldiers • Washita Massacre- • Black Kettle still wanted to talk to soldiers • Custer’s men came from all four directions • Black Kettle knew he would not be able to talk peace

44. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Grabbed wife and mounted pony • Gave sign of peace to charging soldiers • Black Kettle shot in stomach and back • Died in the snow • Wife also shot and killed

45. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Custer was under commands from Sheridan • Find village • Destroy village and ponies • Kill or hang all warriors • Take women and children as prisoners

46. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Entire raid took minutes • Custer’s men then corralled ponies • Killed hundreds • To separate old men from warriors was too tedious for Custer and his men • Began killing men indiscriminately • Washita Massacre- • 103 Cheyenne killed • Only 11 were warriors • 53 women and children taken prisoner

47. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • News of fight spread downriver • Arapaho helped Cheyenne rearguard • Surrounded pursuit platoon led by Mjr Joel Elliott • Warriors killed all 19 soldiers • Washita Massacre- • By noon, Kiowa and Comanche had joined • Custer retreated to base at Camp Supply • On Canadian River • Forced his men and prisoners to march through weather

48. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Gen Sheridan welcomed Custer to camp • Custer entered waving scalps of dead “savages” • Black Kettle’s among the trophies • Custer publicly commended • Washita Massacre- • Gen Sheridan boasts on pg 169

49. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Wynkoop had resigned in protest • Living in Philadelphia • Publicly criticized Sherman’s policy • Other joined Wynkoop • Washita Massacre- • Gen Sherman supported Sheridan • Gave order to continue killing hostiles and ponies • Other tribes ordered to surrender or perish • Report to Custer at Ft Cobb

50. THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN… • Washita Massacre- • Little Robe became Cheyenne leader • Survivors walked to Ft Cobb • In December • Starving to point of eating their dogs • Surrendered unconditionally • Washita Massacre- • Others followed • Yellow Bear and Arapaho • Tosawi and Comanche