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Phytoremediation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems

Phytoremediation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. By Andrea Tanny. What is Phytoremediation?.

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Phytoremediation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems

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  1. Phytoremediation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems By Andrea Tanny

  2. What is Phytoremediation? • Phytoremediation is the process by which inorganic and organic pollutants are removed by plants and microorganisms associated with those plants. It is often a cheaper, less intrusive method with more public appeal than conventional methods of pollution removal. • Phytostabilization • Phytostimulation • Phytodegradation • Phytoextraction • Phytovolatilization • Rhizofiltration Systems: • Hydroponics • Constructed wetland • Hydraulic barrier • Vegetative cap

  3. Coastal Ecosystems • Habitat • Food sources • Biodiversity • Tourism • Erosion control • Water filtration

  4. Pollutants • Inorganics such as Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Cadmium • Organics such as PCBs, PAHs, TNT, Petroleum hydrocarbons, and pesticides • Solid wastes

  5. Sources of Pollution • Runoff • Dumping • Ship leakage and dumping • Pipeline leakage • Commercial & Industrial garbage

  6. Conventional Methods of Marine Pollution Removal • Dredging (digging up and removing polluted sediments) • Absorbing spilled oils

  7. Current Phytoremediation • No marine phytoremediation • Phytoremediation of sediments removed from marine and coastal areas • Seaweed is a potential for phytoremediation

  8. Studies • Marine sediment phytoremediation polluted with PAHs done by Daniel Paquin, Richard Ogoshi, Sonia Campbell, and Qing X. Li at the University of Hawaii. The study was published in the international Journal of Phytoremediation Vol. 4 No. 4 in 2002. • In situ use of seaweed to take in and neutralize TNT pollution by Donald Cheney at Northeastern University

  9. Potential Plants and Methods for Marine/coastal Phytoremeidation • Spartina • Salicornia • Limonium • Plantago • Trees, shrubs and grasses native to coastal ecosystems

  10. Preventing Marine Pollution • Constructed wetlands • Hydraulic barrier • Hydroponics • Vegetative cap • Regulations such as the Clean Water Act

  11. Links and Sources • Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. Coastal and Marine Pollution. http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/pollution/index.html • The Christian Science Monitor. A seaweed soaks up TNT - and may help clean oceans. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0324/p14s02-sten.htm • Environmental Literacy Council. Coastal Ecosystems. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/9.html • www.epa.gov • Hoehamer, C. F., Wolfe, N. L., and Karl Erik L. Eriksson. 2006. "Differences in the Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotolulene (TNT) Between Wild and Axenically Grown Isolates of Myriophyllum aquaticum," International Journal of Phytoremediation, 8:107-115. • The Humane Society of the United States. Marine Pollution and Habitat Degradation. http://www.hsus.org/marine_mammals/what_are_the_issues/marine_pollution_and_habitat_degradation.html • International Maritime Organization. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?topic_id=258&doc_id=681 • The International Year of the Ocean Home Page. Ocean Facts on Runoff Pollution. http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/facts/pollut.htm • Natural Environment Research Council. British Antarctic Survey. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_BAS/Cambridge/Divisions/EID/Environment/waste_pollution_cleanup/prevention_of_marine_pollution.html • Ocean Link. Marine Pollution. http://oceanlink.island.net/ask/pollution.html#anchor35140 • Ocean Planet. Oceans in Peril. http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/ocean_planet_oceans_in_peril.html • Paquin, D., Ogoshi, R., Campbell, S., and Qing, X. L. 2002. "Bench-Scale Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Marine Sediment with Tropical Plants." International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 4., no. 4., pp. 297-313. • ThomasNet. Absorbents: Oil Spill. http://www.thomasnet.com/products/absorbents-oil-spill-96086848-1.html • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Coastal Program. http://www.fws.gov/coastal/CoastalProgram/ • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ocean Regulatory Programs. http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/regulatory/index.html • USGS. Coastal Ecosystems. http://www.werc.usgs.gov/coastal/ • University of Florida. Salt-Tolerant Plants for Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP012#TABLE_3 • University of Massachusetts. Soils, Sediments, and Water. http://umasssoils.com/StudentAward/2004pastrecipients.htm • Washington State Department of Ecology. Non-Native Freshwater Plants Parrotfeather. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua003.html • Weiss, J., Hondzo, M., Biesboer, D., Semmens, M. 2006. "Laboratory Study of Heavy Metal Phytoremediation by Three Wetland Macrophytes." International Journal of Phytoremediation, 8:245-259. • www.wikipedia.org • World Resources Institute. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Coastal ecosystems. http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_description.cfm?pid=3054

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