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Chapter 24

Chapter 24. Poultry Breed Identification and Production Management. Veterinary Terminology. Cockerel male chicken under a year of age Pullet young chicken raised to lay eggs Layer adult female hen that lays eggs Spent hens former layer egg hens who no longer produce eggs.

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Chapter 24

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  1. Chapter 24 Poultry Breed Identification and Production Management

  2. Veterinary Terminology • Cockerel • male chicken under a year of age • Pullet • young chicken raised to lay eggs • Layer • adult female hen that lays eggs • Spent hens • former layer egg hens who no longer produce eggs

  3. Veterinary Terminology • Broiler • young chick used for meat production between 6-8 weeks of age • Fryers • tender and easy to cook meat from broilers • Capon • castrated male chicken, over 6 lbs. and 6 months of age • Flock • a group of similar poultry

  4. Biology • Avian digestive tract • Do not need to fly; many too large to fly • Gizzard – muscular organ used to break down food particles • Grit – ingested to break down hard substances • Most producers debreak to prevent injury and make eating less difficult

  5. Biology • Combs – flesh like projections on top of heads • Wattle – flesh like projection under chin • Males tend to have larger bodies and head features • Eyes, skin, wattle, and comb useful in determining overall health of bird

  6. Poultry Species and Classes • Poultry • Domesticated birds with feathers, 2 legs, 2 wings, and a beak • Primarily raised for • Eggs • Meat • Feathers • By-products

  7. Chickens • Most important and popular type of poultry • Raised for eggs and meat • 4 classes: • American • English • Asiatic • Mediterranean

  8. Turkeys • High amounts of white meat • 300 million raised each year • Increase in size of production farms (100,000 birds per farm) • Raised in confinement • Marketed after 20 weeks of age

  9. Ducks • Raised for meat, eggs, and feathers • 15 million raised yearly • Grow faster and heavier than chickens • Swim • Commercially raised indoors in confinement

  10. Geese • 1 million raised yearly • Meat, eggs, feathers, and down • Eat grass and weeds • Very hardy and disease resistant

  11. Peafowl • Raised for feathers and as pets • Feathers can be up to 5 times the body length

  12. Swans • Known for long, thin, graceful neck • Raised for ornamental purposes

  13. Other Poultry Species • Guinea fowl – meat, eggs, and hunting • Pigeons – meat and competitive purposes • Quail – meat and eggs • Pheasant – meat and hunting purposes

  14. Ratites • Large birds that DON’T fly • Used for meat, eggs, and feathers • Raised in large groups • Ostrich, Rhea, and Emu are most common • Commonly seen in wildlife preserves or zoos

  15. Selection of Species or Breed • Selection based on bird’s ability to produce eggs or meat as quickly as possible • Other factors: how well bird eats and uses food, fast return on the investment, high profit compared to cost of feed, amount of space needed, and amount of labor involved

  16. Nutrition • Automated feeders and water systems • Young chicks may need pans or trays • Food kept in feed bins or stored in automatic bins • Conveyer belt system weighs feed and distributes a set amount • Water is monitored for consumption • Water troughs cleaned daily

  17. Behavior • Known for adaptable behavior • Domestic fowl is shy; wary by nature • Many species are gregarious and have a social status within flock • Maintain contact with flock by sight and vocal communication • Can become nervous if separated from flock • May become territorial

  18. Basic Training • Training and handling should begin when fowl are young • Wings should be observed and examined • Feet and legs should be handled • Check appearance of feathers • Poultry will adjust easily to humans with regular handling

  19. Equipment and Housing Needs • Houses designed for each production system • Broiler housing must meet needs of chicks • Day old chicks need 1/4 to 1/3 of a square foot of space

  20. Equipment and Housing Needs • Space requirements increase with growth • Growers commonly use portable fence to contain chicks and remove fence when full grown • Floor coverings must be gentle, dust free, and cleaned daily • Proper lighting is necessary for growth

  21. Equipment and Housing Needs • Breeder housing must meet needs of reproductive adults • Environmental conditions must be met • indoor • outdoor • Controlled conditions must be met • temperature • humidity

  22. Restraint and Handling • Should be restrained by holding wings against birds body • Body should be restrained securely with one arm and head held around the neck with other hand • Never hold tightly around diaphragm • Young chicks can be held in hand

  23. Grooming • Do not typically require • Should be free of external parasites, dirt, and debris • Feathers can be sprayed with water • Fowl will preen and clean their wings and feathers • Some owners will trim nails, clip wings, or dremel beaks

  24. Basic Health Care and Maintenance • Molting: • Process of shedding and renewing feathers • Hens stop laying eggs during this process (or reduce number of eggs) • Hen depletes calcium and rest allows restoring of needs • Usually in the fall, prior to winter • Occurs about 4 months until new growth of feathers

  25. Basic Health Care and Maintenance • Forced Molting: • Controversial topic • Decrease light during the length of day • Artificial lights set for longer darkness • Allow 8 hours light • After molting, allow 14-16 hours light

  26. Basic Health Care and Maintenance • Sanitation: • Disease outbreaks can kill an entire flock quickly • Good sanitation practice is required • Removal of feces, dead birds, and insects • Disinfect cages, boots, and equipment • Remove all litter and spray disinfectant between batches • Restrict access to people and vehicles

  27. Vaccinations • Helps develop immunity to disease • Several common diseases in poultry • In vivo: vaccine injected into embryo through the egg during incubation • 18th day of incubation process • Chicks hatch with immunity • Reduces stress • Ready for market 2 days sooner

  28. Vaccinations • Egg injection system used at high rate of speed • Special needle punctures egg shell • Dosage of vaccine is delivered • Machine operated • 20,000-30,000 eggs injected per hour

  29. Reproduction and Breeding • Female mates with male for eggs to be fertilized • Eggs are incubated to hatch • Incubation period influenced by temperature and humidity: • Chickens: 21 days • Geese: 29-31 days • Turkeys: 27-28 days • Ducks: 28-35 days

  30. Common Diseases • Poultry have 33 pathogenic diseases and there are 10 parasites of concern • Viruses, bacteria, or infection • Common nutritional diseases

  31. Common Diseases • Costly to treat • Many become less efficient and can’t produce or are not usable for human consumption • Many die; loss of profit

  32. Marek’s Disease • Known as “range paralysis” • Caused by a herpes virus • Signs: diarrhea, leg or wing paralysis, weight loss, and death • No treatment available • Prevention by vaccine • Genetic resistance has been noted

  33. Newcastle Disease • Caused by a virus • Signs: gasping for breath, wheezing, twist necks around due to respiratory stress, possible paralysis, lay soft-shelled eggs, and may stop producing eggs • No treatment available • Prevention by vaccine

  34. Infectious Bronchitis • Affects ONLY CHICKENS (no other poultry species) • Caused by a virus, primarily in young birds • Signs: wheezing, gasping for air, and nasal discharge

  35. Infectious Bronchitis • Older hens stop laying eggs • Prevention through sanitation and isolation methods • Vaccine available

  36. Fowl Cholera • Affects all species • Caused by BACTERIA • Signs: fever, purple colored heads, yellow droppings, and sudden death • Possible to treat with antibiotics called sulfonamides • Prevention by vaccination

  37. Avian Pox • Slow spreading disease • Several strains that are species specific • Caused by virus spread by mosquitoes • Signs: wart-like growths on skin and mouth and respiratory distress • No treatment • Difficult to control through sanitation • Prevention through vaccine

  38. Avian Influenza • Commonly called bird flu • Affects all species of avians • Caused by virus, occurring naturally in the intestines • Transmitted directly and through body excretes

  39. Avian Influenza • Zoonotic to humans but no human to human transmission • Fatal strain not seen in U.S. • Isolation • Human vaccine available • Current research ongoing

  40. Common Parasites • Internal and external parasites are common • Isolated cages and specialized production systems reduce the amount of parasites in poultry • Proper sanitation practices • Control of insects and wild birds • All species affected

  41. Coccidiosis • Internal protozoan parasite • Transmitted by droppings of affected birds • Seen commonly in wild birds

  42. Coccidiosis • Droppings can get in food and water sources • Affect companion animals and people • Signs: bloody droppings, lethargic appearance, (sleepy, little activity), and pale skin • Treatments by mouth or placed in water or feed

  43. Large Round Worms • Worms may reach 3 inches in length • Occur in the intestinal tract • Signs: emaciated appearance, diarrhea, and droopy wings • Prevention through sanitation, dewormers, and rotating range and yards

  44. Tapeworms • Internal parasites • Hosts include snails, earthworms, beetles, and flies • Ingested by poultry • Signs: pale head color, pale leg color, and poor body flesh appearance • Dewormers • Prevention is through dietary control and confinement

  45. Mites • External parasites include: Mites, Lice, Chiggers, and Ticks • Signs: visible parasite, pale color, listless, and droopy wings • Use approved insecticides to treat infestations • Prevention and control by limiting access to wild birds

  46. Poultry Production • Began over 5,000 years ago in Asia • Arrived in America in the 1600s • Aztec Indians domesticated the wild turkey • Became a large commercial industry in the 1950s • Raised by confinement method • Largest producer of eggs is California

  47. Poultry Production • Poultry Science – the study of poultry that includes breeding, incubation, raising, housing, nutrition, sanitation, and marketing • Goal is to produce quality at a reasonable price • Developed over last 50 years to improve production rates

  48. Poultry Production Systems • 3 main systems, mostly relating to chickens • Used in raising poultry, eggs, meat, feathers, and other products for human use

  49. Broiler Production • Goal: produce the most meat as quickly as possible • Chicks must be healthy and continue growth • Keep mortality to a minimum (death) – less than 5 percent

  50. Broiler Production • Raised in large poultry houses • 6 week raising time to reach market size (4 to 4.5 lbs) • Grow fast in an efficient time to reduce cost

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