Chapter 16 Part 4

1. Chapter 16Part 4 Absolutism V Constitutionalism

2. James II 1685-88 Inherited the throne on the death of his brother Charles II Was 55 years old and a recent convert to Catholicism Had outlived his first wife and had two grown and married daughters: Mary, who had married William of Orange Anne, who had married the king of Denmark First family and James…Anglican

3. James II tried to return England to Catholicism He appointed Catholics to high positions in Government and universities James II issued The Declaration of Indulgences: granting freedom of worship to Catholics And demanded that the above be read at Anglican services on two successive Sundays

4. Then James had married a Catholic His wife delivered a son 1688 (Catholic) Parliament was not willing to go along Forced James II to abdicate His son WOULD HAVE been James III Was called the Old Pretender (will try to invade England in 1715 and take power (unsuccessfully)

5. The Old Pretender Will grow up, marry, have a son of his own Would have been Charles III Charles was called the New Pretender HE tried to retake the English throne with the help of the Scots in 1745 Was also called Bonnie Prince Charlie

6. The Glorious Revolution James II’s daughters were both Protestant The older daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were invited by Parliament to take the English throne

7. William and Mary Charles I (England) 1625-1649 William II …MaryCharles IIJames II William III (Orange/England)……….Mary II Holy Christmas! Charles I was the grandfather of BOTH William and Mary! Yikes! (I guess it’s not just the Hapsburgs!

8. William of Orange Agreed IF he had the popular support of the English And if he could bring Dutch troops with him… Clearly, he was prepared to invade England and take power if necessary

9. Late 1688 William and Mary were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament

10. England as a Constitutional Monarchy • All Below constitute the English Constitution: • The English Bill of Rights (1689) • The Petition of Right (1628) • The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)

11. The English Bill of Rights: King could not be Roman Catholic Laws could be made only by Parliament No standing army in peacetime without Parliament’s approval Taxation only with Parliament’s approval Prohibited excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

12. English Bill of Rights continued Guaranteed the right to trial by jury, due process of law, reasonable bail The right to bear arms (for Protestants) Free elections to Parliament Parliament could only be dissolved with its consent People have the right of petition

13. John Locke Wrote his Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) Was the most notable defense of the Glorious Revolution Locke said that the people create a government to protect their “natural Rights” of Life, Liberty, and Property

14. The Toleration Act 1689 Freedom to worship for Protestant nonconformists (like Puritans and Quakers) but not the right to hold office Freedom to worship was NOT extended to Catholics, Unitarians BUT they were usually left alone

15. 1701 The Act of Settlement If King William or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I (the electress dowager of Hanover) or to her heirs The Stuarts were no longer in the line of Succession When Anne died in 1714, crown went to George I (a Hanovarian)

17. 1707 The Act of Union United England and Scotland = Great Britain Scots agreed to this to take advantage of English trade…it worked out well for them Also, Scottish Presbyterians were worried that the Old and Young Pretenders might try to return and take the throne of Scotland

18. The Cabinet System (18th Century) Leading ministers who were members of the House of Commons AND had the support of the majority of its members made policy and conducted the business of the country

19. The Prime Minister Considered the leader of the government A member of the majority party Generally the liaison between the monarch and the House of commons

20. Robert Walpole Though the title of PM was not jet used, he is considered to be the first PM He led the Cabinet from 1721-42 Established the precedent that the cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons

21. The Hanoverians as Monarchs George I 1714-27 usually presided over cabinet meetings (but did not speak English) George II 1727-60 did not preside over Cabinet meetings and did not speak English George III (grandson of II) tried to be a better English king but the role had been diminished as a result of the disinterest of Georges I & II

22. The United Provinces of the Netherlands aka The Dutch Republic First ½ of the 17th Century was the “Golden Age” of the Netherlands Government was dominated by the Bourgeoisie Their wealth and power limited the power of the state

23. The Government of the Dutch Republic Was an organized CONFEDERATION of 7 provinces Each province sent one representative to the ESTATES GENERAL Holland and Zeeland were the richest and most influential of the provinces

24. The Government of the Dutch Republic Each province and city was autonomous (self-governing) Each province had an elected STATHOLDER (governor) and military leader In times of crisis all 7 provinces would elect the same Statholder…usually from the House of Orange

25. Religious Toleration Calvinism was dominant but was split between two factions: Dutch Reformed: the majority and most powerful Arminians: Calvinism without the belief in predestination

26. Religion Arminians: most merchant class Enjoyed full civil rights after 1632 Catholics and Jews: full toleration but fewer rights Religious toleration fostered trade and led to a cosmopolitan society

27. The Greatest Mercantile Nation of the 17th Century Amsterdam became the banking and commercial center of Europe Replaced Antwerp (dominant in the 16th C) Amsterdam was the richest city in Europe Population 100,000+ Banking dominance because of the lower interest rates than English banks

28. The Dutch Few Natural Resources So it relied on commerce Had the world’s largest fleet dedicated to trade Was a hub of European trade due to its many outstanding ports Little government interference with free enterprise

29. Industries Fishing: the cornerstone of the Dutch economy Major Industries: Woolens, furniture, sugar refining, tobacco cutting, brewing, pottery, glass, printing, paper making, weapons manufacturing, ship building DEIC and DWIC: Corporate ventures of private individuals and the state

30. DEIC Challenged the Portuguese in the East including South Africa, Sri Lanka, and parts of Indonesia DWIC traded exclusively with Latin America and Africa

31. Foreign Policy Participated in the Thirty Years’ War against the Hapsburgs 1670’s wars with England and France Significant economic decline resulted

32. Middle Class Values Even the wealthy had middle class values Wealth was fairly evenly divided The poor in the Netherlands were not as poor as that class in the rest of Europe BUT Hard times and the end of the Golden Age due to the costly wars: 30 Years’, the Dutch Devolution, 2nd Dutch War, 4 separate Anglo-Dutch Wars

33. Sweden Sweden was a world power Controlled much of the Baltic region

34. Gustavus Adolphus Reorganized the government The Riksdag: an assembly of nobles, clergy, townsmen, and peasants SUPPOSEDLY had the highest legislative authority BUT the real power was with the monarchy and nobility

35. Swedish Government The Nobles had the dominant role in the military and bureaucracy The central government was divided into 5 departments, each controlled by a noble Focused on trade rather than building a huge military