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Class #5

Class #5. Chapters 23,25,26,27,28,and 29. Protective Clothing and Equipment. State of the art PPE, including protective ensembles, clothing and equipment that are consistently and properly used is considered one of the key facets in minimizing emergency responder injury and death.

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Class #5

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  1. Class #5 Chapters 23,25,26,27,28,and 29

  2. Protective Clothing and Equipment • State of the art PPE, including protective ensembles, clothing and equipment that are consistently and properly used is considered one of the key facets in minimizing emergency responder injury and death.

  3. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Firefighters need to realize their human limitations and the dangers they face during operations in hostile environments. They must also understand that the inherent safety of participating as a member of a team in a well planned operation under a safety driven ICS does far more for their safety than just relying on the PPE they use.

  4. Protective Clothing and Equipment • NFPA • 1970 began involvement with safety • 1974 established a technical committee for PPE • NFPA 1500 August 1987 • 1500 requires PPE that meet specific NFPA Standards for PPE • OSHA has standards for fire brigades, HM operations, SCBA etc

  5. Protective Clothing and Equipment • NFPA PPE Standards • Product standard; specify the requirements to which manufactures produce their PPE and certification organizations evaluate and test product compliance. • User standard; specify requirements for FDs and FFs who purchase and use PPE. Developed for safe and effective use of PPE made to the product standard. SCAM selection, care and maintenance

  6. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Third Party Certification • All NFPA standards for PPE require certification as specified in the standard • Certification includes a accredited independent third party organization that tests the product according to the specifics of the standards. Documentation of compliance allows manufacture to label products as such.

  7. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Cleaning and maintenance • Manufactures recommendations a must • Manufactures required to provide info • Clean PPE reduces risk • No bleach • No sun • Improper care can negate PPE benefits

  8. Protective Clothing and Equipment • PPE Standards • Three type structural, proximity, wildland • Tests of PPE include; flame resistance, thermal stability, convective heat resistance, radiant heat resistance, breathability, durability, dexterity, cut, puncture, impact, energy absorption, retention, water penetration, viral penetration and liquid resistance etc

  9. Protective Clothing and Equipment • The philosophy of NFPA Standards for PPE are to provide protection from the expected environment during proper, supervised operations and if conditions deteriorate rapidly, to provide a margin of time for FFs to escape uninjured or with survivable injury.

  10. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Heat stress • All factors affecting stress and heat stress must be considered, FFs age, physical conditioning, individual metabolism and how FFs are used on the emergency scene. Duty and Duration • The fire environment Tbl. 23.1 pg 383 • Info and table 23.2 pg 384

  11. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Specialized gear • Approach • Entry (unique situation no standard) • Proximity NFPA 1976 • Wild-land NFPA 1977 • SCBA required in all IDLH environm. • Positive and Demand Types • Open and closed circuit Types

  12. Protective Clothing and Equipment • NIOSH and OSHA also promulgate regulations regarding respiratory protection • Fit testing • Only PP SCBA • Min. 30 minute ratings • No facial hair • Etc.

  13. Protective Clothing and Equipment • SCBA air cylinders regulated by DOT • NFPA 1981 (respiratory standard) • Basic design and function must meet NIOSH and certified as positive pressure, with a rated service life of at least 30 minutes and weigh no more than 35 pounds. • NFPA 1989 (air quality standard)

  14. Protective Clothing and Equipment • PASS NFPA 1982 • Performance requirements for intrinsic safety, extreme temps resistance, shock heat flame and impact resistance, retention durability, and water drainage. • Current standard requires automatic activation when air is used

  15. Protective Clothing and Equipment • EMS PPE • OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030 issued 3-92 sets requirements for all emergency responders, health care workers, and others for appropriate actions to prevent contact with blood borne pathogens. • NFPA 1999 product standard for EMS PPE • NFPA 1581 user document for infection control programs, requires all wear PPE

  16. Protective Clothing and Equipment • HAZ - MAT PPE • EPA levels of protection may be used as a starting point for PPE selection, each ensemble must be situation specific. • NFPA 1991 vapor protection • NFPA 1992 splash protection • Chemical permeation resistance must be met for each chemical specified in ASTM F 1001(used to evaluate PPE materials)

  17. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Chem/Bio Terrorist agent PPE • NFPA 1994 cover requirements for three classes of ensembles • See table 23.3 pg 391 • Special Ops PPE • NFPA 1951 PPE for USAR operations

  18. Protective Clothing and Equipment • Rope OPS (Life Safety) • NFPA 1983 (rope and systems) • Used for life only • Not dynamic type rope • Single use • Self escape rope not considered life safety single use • Covers pulleys, d-rings, belts, webbing, portable anchors, harnesses, etc

  19. Fire Station Locations • ITS ALL ABOUT RESPONSE TIME! • The FD response sequence • Dispatch 911info and station alerting • Turnout gear-up on rig belt on • Response leave station to on scene • Access getting to tactical location • Set-up of equipment

  20. Fire Station Locations • Response time is one of the manageable parts of the sequence i.e. station location • EMS response 4 min CPR • Response time influences; the basis for fire house location should be the time it takes to get adequate resources on scene

  21. Fire Station Locations • Response time influences • What type of service is the FD delivering • What is a reasonable travel time • What size of response area and resources available • What level of Risk is acceptable to the FFs and the community

  22. Fire Station Locations • National standards • NFPA 1221 emergency communication • NFPA 1710 FD organization and deployment • NFPA 1720 for VFDs

  23. Fire Station Locations • NFPA 1710 Organization/Deployment • Turnout 1 minute • Travel time 4 min first company and / or full assignment 8 minutes • EMS first responder 4 minutes • EMS ALS 8 minutes

  24. Fire Station Locations • Suggested time line • Dispatch 1.5 min (answer caller, get info, notify companies) • Get out 1 min (geared up seat belt) • Travel 4min (door to door) • Access to tactical location 1 min • Set up 2.5 min • 10 minute benchmark reasonable?

  25. Fire Station Locations • Risk VS response time, some jurisdictions may opt for several response time standards considering; • Sprinklered / nonsprinklered • Commercial / residential • Multifamily / single family • Low rise / high-rise

  26. Fire Station Locations • Station location • Total response time - minus the cumulative times of dispatch, turnout, access and set up will determine travel time • Locations can be determined via computer programs or the old fashioned way of manual mapping of travel times

  27. Water Supplies • Minimum water supply determined by • Classification of occupancy hazard • Classification of construction • Structural dimensions • Exposures if any • Occupancy hazard rated 3 to 7 • 3 is severe • 7 is light

  28. Water Supplies • See formula page 418 • Use formula to calculate example • Plastic processing facility 200 X 100 X 20 • Machine shop facility 200 X 100 X 20

  29. Fireground Operations • Fireground ops are much the same for past 100 years i.e. putting a sufficient amount of water on a fire. However effective and safe fireground operations in today's fireservice incorporates numerous innovations developed over the years.

  30. Fireground Operations • Innovations include; • Application of Risk Management principles Risk vs. Benefit • Computerized pre-incident planning • Improved ICS • Improved Communications • NFPA 1500 safety • Improved PPE • LDH and light weight hose

  31. Fireground Operations • Thermal imagers • Better fire apparatus • More knowledgeable FFs • Better hazard identification • Better training • Better and lighter equipment • Specific SOPs • What else?

  32. Fireground Operations • SOPs, SOGs should be written for a least the following • Command procedures • Company ops, Staging • Water supply • Accountability, use of PPE & RIT ops • Installed systems • Special occupancy operations

  33. Fireground Operations • Offensive Fire Extinguishment • Most practitioners agree that there is a minimum requirement needed to extinguish a give fire and that rate-of-flow calculations are useful. • Royce/Nelson aka Iowa Formula • LxWxH (volume) divided by 100 = gpm • NFA • LxW (square ft.) divided by 3 = gpm

  34. Fireground Operations • Initial attack fire growth up to 10 minutes, GPM applied properly for about 1 minute • Sustained attack fire growth up to 30 minutes GPM applied properly for about 10 minutes • Rate of flow calculations are rough approximations of needed flow

  35. Life Safety Education • FDs have played a significant role in safety education and things are getting better HOWEVER; • Because of human behavior (ignorance and carelessness) much remains to be done. • The education responsibility of FDs has expanded due to EMS delivery and all hazard public education

  36. Life Safety Education • Public education may now be defined as “comprehensive community fire and injury prevention programs designed to eliminate or mitigate situations that endanger life, health, property, and environment”. • All hazard concept • NFPA 1035 educator qualifications

  37. Life Safety Education • Modern programs are grounded in public health framework. • National SAAFE KIDS program base on the public health model AKA the 5 Es • Education (knowledge), empowerment, (take responsibility), environment (improve safety of environments), Enactment (legislate), Evaluation (data, research, surveillance)

  38. Life Safety Education • Community based programs are most successful when multiple agencies are involved. • Program integration Fig. 28.2 pg 445

  39. Using Data Public Education Decisions • What's the problem? • Four principle measures of Fire Loss; fire incidents, deaths, injuries, and property loss. • Most agree the most important data is in the area of deaths but injury stats are also important.

  40. Using Data Public Education Decisions • What's the strategy • The strategy revolve around programs that impart specific KSAs and changes in behavior to a specific identified target audience. • Analysis of programs • Was the target audience reached • Was the target audience changed • Was there objective improvement

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