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Research ethics

Research ethics. Annika Söderholm Kjell Jorner Rikard Emanuelsson. Outline. Objective research Open access publishing Authorship. Objective research?. What does VR say? Tell the truth N o manipulations CU DOS (Disinterestedness and Organized Skepticism) Does it work?

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Research ethics

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  1. Research ethics Annika Söderholm KjellJorner RikardEmanuelsson

  2. Outline • Objective research • Open access publishing • Authorship

  3. Objective research? • What does VR say? • Tell the truth • No manipulations • CUDOS(Disinterestedness and Organized Skepticism) • Does it work? • How do you define manipulation/truth • No one is objective, your prejudice/expectations will always affect how you see things

  4. Is it a problem? • Is it always good to be objective? • Can be good to have strong ideas and fight for them. • May create good debates. • Forces different perspectives and makes you not always choosing the most obvious truth.

  5. Example 1 • My research project concerns different mutated versions of an enzyme. The mutants have different catalytic activities: A or B • My theory was that the A-mutants have more flexible structures than the B-mutants. • An analysis determining the thermostability of my enzymes gave results indicating that, indeed, the A-mutants are more flexible than the B-mutants, confirming my hypothesis. • A second and a third analysis did unfortunately not show this relationship.

  6. Example 2 • In X-ray crystallography we determine protein-structures based on electron density maps. We place molecules in to blobs. • What molecule we “see” might depend a lot on what molecule we wish to see.

  7. Openaccess publishing

  8. What is it? • Everyone has access toyourpublication on the internet • Different levelsof access: • Level A: Read article • Level B: Have access to and re-use the research material (CC-BY) • Youretain the rights over yourown material

  9. Why is it important? • Gives more researchers access toyourscientificwork • Moreequalbetweencountries • More citations… • Gives access to the public whofunds the research • Researchers do the peerreview for free, whyshould the publisher profit?

  10. Research funders thatrequireopen access

  11. Howcanyou do it? • Publish in an open access journal • Publish in a normal journal and at the same timedeposit a copy of the manuscript in an openarchive on the internet (DiVAfor UU, PubMed Central, arXiv.org) • Publish in a normal journal and pay for open access for thatparticulararticle.

  12. Potential problems? • Individual scientist mightloseout on high-impactpublication • Predatory publishers • Make moneyoutofpublicationfees • No serious editorship • Lack ofpeer-review • Mainly for bad journals • No hierarchyof journals yet • Wherecan I find the importantresults?

  13. More information • Open Access Opportunities and Challenges – A Handbook from the European Commission • Kungliga Biblioteket’s portal on Open Access (http://www.kb.se/openaccess/) • VR on Open Access (https://www.vr.se/omvetenskapsradet/strategierochriktlinjer/fritillganglighetopenaccess.4.1d4cbbbb11a00d342b0800021800.html) • Open Access Explained! (YouTube Video)

  14. Authorship Author – responsible! “Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.”

  15. The author list - examples

  16. The author list - examples Lander, E.S.a  , Linton, L.M.a, Birren, B.a, Nusbaum, C.a, Zody, M.C.a, Baldwin, J.a, Devon, K.a, Dewar, K.a, Doyle, M.a, Fitzhugh, W.a, Funke, R.a, Gage, D.a, Harris, K.a, Heaford, A.a, Howland, J.a, Kann, L.a, Lehoczky, J.a, Levine, R.a, McEwan, P.a, McKernan, K.a, Meldrim, J.a, Mesirov, J.P.a, Miranda, C.a, Morris, W.a, Naylor, J.a, Raymond, C.a, Rosetti, M.a, Santos, R.a, Sheridan, A.a, Sougnez, C.a, Stange-Thomann, N.a, Stojanovic, N.a, Subramanian, A.a, Wyman, D.a, Rogers, J.b, Sulston, J.b  , Ainscough, R.b, Beck, S.b, Bentley, D.b, Burton, J.b, Clee, C.b, Carter, N.b, Coulson, A.b, Deadman, R.b, Deloukas, P.b, Dunham, A.b, Dunham, I.b, Durbin, R.b, French, L.b, Grafham, D.b, Gregory, S.b, Hubbard, T.b, Humphray, S.b, Hunt, A.b, Jones, M.b, Lloyd, C.b, McMurray, A.b, Matthews, L.b, Mercer, S.b, Milne, S.b, Mullikin, J.C.b, Mungall, A.b, Plumb, R.b, Ross, M.b, Shownkeen, R.b, Sims, S.b, Waterston, R.H.c  , Wilson, R.K.c, Hillier, L.W.c, McPherson, J.D.c, Marra, M.A.c, Mardis, E.R.c, Fulton, L.A.c, Chinwalla, A.T.c, Pepin, K.H.c, Gish, W.R.c, Chissoe, S.L.c, Wendl, M.C.c, Delehaunty, K.D.c, Miner, T.L.c, Delehaunty, A.c, Kramer, J.B.c, Cook, L.L.c, Fulton, R.S.c, Johnson, D.L.c, Minx, P.J.c, Clifton, S.W.c, Hawkins, T.d, Branscomb, E.d, Predki, P.d, Richardson, P.d, Wenning, S.d, Slezak, T.d, Doggett, N.d, Cheng, J.-F.d, Olsen, A.d, Lucas, S.d, Elkin, C.d, Uberbacher, E.d, Frazier, M.d, Gibbs, R.A.e, Muzny, D.M.e, Scherer, S.E.e, Bouck, J.B.e, Sodergren, E.J.e, Worley, K.C.e, Rives, C.M.e, Gorrell, J.H.e, Metzker, M.L.e, Naylor, S.L.f, Kucherlapati, R.S.g, Nelson, D.L.h, Weinstock, G.M.h, Sakaki, Y.i, Fujiyama, A.i, Hattori, M.i, Yada, T.i, Toyoda, A.i, Itoh, T.i, Kawagoe, C.i, Watanabe, H.i, Totoki, Y.i, Taylor, T.i, Weissenbach, J.j, Heilig, R.j, Saurin, W.j, Artiguenave, F.j, Brottier, P.j, Bruls, T.j, Pelletier, E.j, Robert, C.j, Wincker, P.j, Rosenthal, A.l, Platzer, M.l, Nyakatura, G.l, Taudien, S.l, Rump, A.l, Smith, D.R.k, Doucette-Stamm, L.k, Rubenfield, M.k, Weinstock, K.k, Hong, M.L.k, Dubois, J.k, Yang, H.m, Yu, J.m, Wang, J.m, Huang, G.n, Gu, J.o, Hood, L.p, Rowen, L.p, Madan, A.p, Qin, S.p, Davis, R.W.q, Federspiel, N.A.q, Abola, A.P.q, Proctor, M.J.q, Roe, B.A.v, Chen, F.v, Pan, H.v, Ramser, J.w, Lehrach, H.w, Reinhardt, R.w, McCombie, W.R.x, De La Bastide, M.x, Dedhia, N.x, Blöcker, H.y, Hornischer, K.y, Nordsiek, G.y, Agarwala, R.z, Aravind, L.z, Bailey, J.A.aa, Bateman, A.b, Batzoglou, S.a, Birney, E.ab, Bork, P.acad, Brown, D.G.a, Burge, C.B.ae, Cerutti, L.abax, Chen, H.-C.z, Church, D.z, Clamp, M.b, Copley, R.R.ad, Doerks, T.acad, Eddy, S.R.af, Eichler, E.E.aa, Furey, T.S.ag, Galagan, J.a, Gilbert, J.G.R.b, Harmon, C.ah, Hayashizaki, Y.ai, Haussler, D.aj, Hermjakob, H.ab, Hokamp, K.ak, Jang, W.z, Johnson, L.S.af, Jones, T.A.af, Kasif, S.al, Kaspryzk, A.ab, Kennedy, S.am, Kent, W.J.an, Kitts, P.z, Koonin, E.V.z, Korf, I.c, Kulp, D.ah, Lancet, D.ao, Lowe, T.M.ap, McLysaght, A.ak, Mikkelsen, T.al, Moran, J.V.aq, Mulder, N.ab, Pollara, V.J.a, Ponting, C.P.ar, Schuler, G.z, Schultz, J.ad, Slater, G.ab, Smit, A.F.A.as, Stupka, E.ab, Szustakowki, J.al, Thierry-Mieg, D.z, Thierry-Mieg, J.z, Wagner, L.z, Wallis, J.c, Wheeler, R.ah, Williams, A.ah, Wolf, Y.I.z, Wolfe, K.H.ak, Yang, S.-P.c, Yeh, R.-F.ae, Collins, F.at  , Guyer, M.S.at, Peterson, J.at, Felsenfeld, A.at, Wetterstrand, K.A.at, Myers, R.M.r, Schmutz, J.r, Dickson, M.r, Grimwood, J.r, Cox, D.R.r, Olson, M.V.s, Kaul, R.s, Raymond, C.s, Shimizu, N.t, Kawasaki, K.t, Minoshima, S.t, Evans, G.A.uaw, Athanasiou, M.u, Schultz, R.u, Patrinos, A.au, Morgan, M.J.av

  17. Why does it matter? • Proper credit • Academic career – academic meriting (VERY important in some countries/research fields) • Fairness?

  18. Example – the pre-studies • A number of master students works on a project under supervision of a PhD student. • They discover what NOT works. • From this information a new study is designed as a master thesis project. It leads to a publication after a lot of work is put in. Only the PhD student and the final master student (and the professor) is listed as authors.

  19. Why not put them in the Acknowledgments? • According to conventions • Who caresabout acknowledgments? • Not listed as author = not contributed?

  20. Example -The Boss scientist Brings in the big money. Many responsibilities = No time. Employs scientists which are semi-independent, but the boss will always be a co-author on the paper (often the last author). How does the “junior” scientist get proper credit?

  21. Finance • Paying is enough? • Not? But can the boss scientist then keep his large group? • What about all the expensive equipment that were used?

  22. Example – becoming an author A famous chemist is referee on a paper, suggest many revision for it to be publishable. Authors are “forced” to make these changes if they want their paper in that journal. Referee gets to see the paper again and then contacts the Editor and asks to be put on the paper as the Referee contributed so much to the paper. Editor write to authors and ask them, they agree.

  23. Thank you for your attention!

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