The PFC concept is:

1. The PFC concept is: • Based on the fact that systems need to be functional before they can produce aquatic or riparian values – or desired conditions

2. Desired Future Conditions Current Conditions

3. PFC Desired Future Conditions Current Conditions

4. Why PFC (Prichard et al. 1998)? • PFC Provides necessary broad scale perspective • Triage: Assign priority order to projects where resources can be best used, are most needed, or are most likely to achieve success • Focus on FAR reaches w/high values (to avoid loss of function & values) • Focus management & monitoring to on “no answers” • Appropriate time for experienced IDT to locate representative DMAs

5. WHY PFC? • Broad scale assessments provide landscape scale overview of existing conditions… • define the scope of the issues/problem… • develop solutions that become alternatives)… • Focusing on physical functioning helps communicate among stakeholders

6. Step 1: Assess riparian resource function using PFC Identify assessment area and assemble an ID team Review existing information and delineate and stratify reaches Determine reach potential Complete PFC assessment (validate with monitoring data if necessary) Integrated Riparian Management

7. Step 1: Assess riparian resource function using PFC Step 2: Identify riparian resource values and complete additional assessments Step 3: Identify issues, goals, actions and priorities and establish objectives Identify issues, goals, actions, and priorities Collect baseline data and establish or modify existing objectives Step 4: Design and implement management and restoration actions Monitor Adaptive Actions Step 5:Monitor and analyze effectiveness of actions and update resource condition ratings (PFC) Modify Objectives if Necessary Step 6: Implement adaptive actions

8. Degradation Rates

9. Recovery RatesNon-Functional

10. Bear Creek May 1977

11. Bear Creek Sept 1997 20 years

12. Difference in Air & Water Temperatures Bear Creek - Central Oregon 1976 100 80 Air 60 Water Difference 40 Temperature (Degrees F) 20 0 -20 -40 12-Aug 16-Aug 20-Aug 24-Aug 28-Aug 8-Aug Date

13. Difference in Air & Water Temperatures Bear Creek - Central Oregon 1998 120 Air 100 Water Difference 80 Temperature Degrees F 60 40 20 0 7-Aug 11-Aug 23-Aug 27-Aug 19-Aug 15-Aug 31-Aug Date

14. Bear Creek (3.5 Miles) Data from C. Rasmussen (1996) and W. Elmore

15. Management needs change • Continue what works • Focus on risks: • Trampling - season of use • Weak plants - duration of use • Up or Downstream - water, sediment, ___? • Focus on recovery: • Willows - season of use, rest • Sedges - rotation, duration • F. Continue what works

16. Good Resource Objectives Describe the continuing resource attributes to be achieved by management Achievable, Measurable, Worthy

17. Objectives should Be: Specific –What will be achieved, where, and when Measurable –With recognized monitoring methods Achievable – With likely management Realistic – Within the timeframe and budget Trackable – Within law, policy, plans, and issues

18. A Management Chain Reaction • Rotation grazing for three weeks (or other strategy) leads to • A four inch stubble height and 85% growing season recovery leads to • An increase in colonizers leads to • Deposition there of fine sediments leads to • An increase in stabilizers leads to • Narrowing a stream leads to • Increased floodplain access & aquifer recharge leads to • Improved base flow leads to • Improved water and habitat quality leads to • Increased fish populations leads to • Increased recreationist satisfaction • So, which of these provides the best focus for an objective?

19. A Management Chain ReactionWhere is the objective? Efficiently Monitored Actions or tools • Rotation grazing • A four inch stubble height • and 85% growing season recovery • An increase in colonizers • Deposition there of fine sediments • An increase in stabilizers • Narrowing a stream • Increased floodplain access & aquifer recharge • Improved base flow etc. • Improved habitat quality • Improved water quality • Increased fish populations • Increased recreationist satisfaction Efficiently Monitored (MIM) Objectives PFC Values (difficult to monitor)

20. Objectives should be quantified for a specific location using baseline data and experienceFor example: • At the Designated Monitoring Area 2 on Bear Camp Creek: • Increase colonizers by X % • Increase stabilizers by Y % • Narrow the greenline to greenline width by Z %

21. Match Objectives to Planning Timeline ANNUAL = End-of-season condition INDICATORS OF • residual vegetation • bank alteration • Recovery period T e.g. MANAGEMENT 3 - 5 - YEARS I = Vegetative INDICATORS OF e.g. • greenline M RECOVERY =Vegetative/Physical 5 - 10 YEARS E INDICATORS OF e.g. • X-section composition • Woody recruitment • Greenline to Greenline Width • Bank Stability RECOVERY DECADES =Water and Habitat Quality INDICATORS OF • Temp • Pools e.g. RECOVERY

22. Match Objectives to Planning Timeline ANNUAL = End-of-season condition INDICATORS OF • residual vegetation • bank alteration • Recovery period T e.g. MANAGEMENT 3 - 5 - YEARS I = Vegetative INDICATORS OF e.g. • Greenline composition M RECOVERY = Vegetative/Physical 5 - 10 YEARS E INDICATORS OF e.g. • X-section composition • Woody recruitment • Greenline to Greenline Width • Bank Stability RECOVERY DECADES = Water and Habitat Quality INDICATORS OF • Temp • pools e.g. RECOVERY

23. Match Objectives to Planning Timeline ANNUAL = End-of-season condition INDICATORS OF • residual vegetation • bank alteration • Recovery period T e.g. MANAGEMENT 3 – 5+ - YEARS I = Vegetative INDICATORS OF e.g. • Greenline composition M RECOVERY = Vegetative/Physical 5 – 10+ YEARS E INDICATORS OF e.g. • X-section composition • Woody recruitment • Greenline to greenline width • Bank Stability RECOVERY DECADES = Water and Habitat Quality INDICATORS OF • Temp • pools e.g. RECOVERY

24. Match Objectives to Planning Timeline ANNUAL = End-of-season condition INDICATORS OF • residual vegetation • bank alteration • Recovery period T e.g. MANAGEMENT 3 – 5+ - YEARS I = Vegetative INDICATORS OF e.g. • Greenline Composition M RECOVERY = Vegetative/Physical 5 – 10+ YEARS E INDICATORS OF • X-section composition • Woody recruitment • Greenline to greenlinewidth • Bank Stability e.g. RECOVERY DECADES = Water and Habitat Quality INDICATORS OF • Temp. or width • Pool quality e.g. RECOVERY

25. NON-LINEARTIMELINES The power of drought – For allowing vegetation to encroach into a stream The power of Floods – For moving sediment, building banks, forming channels The power of disturbance – for reinitiating succession

26. More generally successful than not Generally successful Early use Short duration Cool season Riparian pasture Rotate use areas and timing Light to moderate use Long recovery periods Regrowth before winter Jumpstart or occasional rest Stutter deferred More off-riparian water Well scattered supplements/salt Cleaned pastures and closed gates PFC – Resilience Select for hill climbers Riding for animal placement Yearlings • Generally unsuccessful • Season-long use • Long season of use • Hot or dry growing season use • Giant pastures - upland objectives • Consistent seasonal use • Heavy use too often • Little time for regrowth • Late use • Annual use • Little woody recovery • Only riparian water • Salt on creeks • Stragglers • At risk or nonfunctional • Retain riparian dwellers • Little or no riding • Cow calf pairs

27. Core Grazing Management Principles • Avoid stress on important forage plants • Moderate or lower utilization OR • Graze for only a short period when plants are growing (shorter when growing faster) • Provide long growing season recovery with no grazing before next use • Graze in a different season at next use

28. PFC in Documents • Communicating with stakeholders • Purpose and need • Description of the existing environment • Selection of alternatives • Effects of proposed actions • Planning monitoring • Criteria for adapting management

29. Supports Supports PFCdoes notequal • Desired Future Condition (DFC) PFCdoes notreplace • Legal Requirements, e.g., ESA, CWA

30. Understand what can be achieved • Provide linkage between reach/watershed • processes and habitat/water quality conditions • Define/prioritize issues to address • Select appropriate management practices PFC Helps • Strategize appropriate monitoring • Communicate among stakeholders